Phenotypic plasticity in Cassiopea ornata (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) suggests environmentally driven morphology

Acuña FH, Excoffon AC, Zamponi MO, Ricci L (2003) Importance of nematocysts in taxonomy of acontiarian sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria): a statistical comparative study. Zool Anz 242:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00088

Agassiz A, Mayer AG (1899) Acalephs from the Fiji Islands. Bull Museum Comp Zoöl Harvard Coll 32:157–189

Ames CL, Klompen AML, Badhiwala K, Muffett K, Reft AJ, Kumar M, Janssen JD, Schultzhaus JN, Field LD, Muroski ME, Bezio N, Robinson JT, Leary DH, Cartwright P, Collins AG, Vora GJ (2020) Cassiosomes are stinging-cell structures in the mucus of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Commun Biol 3:67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0777-8

Arai Y, Gotoh RO, Yokoyama J, Sato C, Okuizumi K, Hanzawa N (2017) Phylogenetic relationships and morphological variations of upside-down jellyfishes, Cassiopea spp, inhabiting Palau Islands. J Biogeogr 19:133–141. https://doi.org/10.11358/biogeo.19.133

Armani A, Tinacci L, Glusti A, Catigliego L, Gianfaldoni D, Guidi A (2013) What is inside the jar? Forensically informative nucleotide sequencing (FINS) of a short mitochondrial COI gene fragment reveals a high percentage of mislabeling in jellyfish food products. Food Res Int 54:1383–1393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2013.10.003

Bayha KM, Collins AG, Gaffney PM (2017) Multigene phylogeny of the scyphozoan jellyfish family Pelagiidae reveals that the common US Atlantic sea nettle comprises two distinct species (Chrysaora quinquecirrha and C. Chesapeakei). PeerJ 5:3863. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3863

Bigelow RP (1892) On a new species of Cassiopea from Jamaica. Zool Anz 15:212–214

Bruno JF, Edmunds PJ (1997) Clonal variation for phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis. Ecology 78:2177–2190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2265954

Carrette T, Alderslade P, Seymour J (2002) Nematocyst ratio and prey in two Australian cubomedusans, Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsalmus sp. Toxicon 40:1547–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00168-X

Castresana J (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 17:540–552. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334

Cengiz S, Hilli N (2021) Nematocysts types and morphological features of some scyphozoa species in the Southwest Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 30:32–40

Cohen BH (2002) Calculating a factorial ANOVA from means and standard deviations. Underst Stat 1(3):191–203. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0103_04

Cunningham CW, Buss LW (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family Hydractiniidae. Biochem Syst Ecol 21:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-G

Daglio LG, Dawson MN (2017) Species richness of jellyfishes (Schyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific: missed taxa, molecules, and morphology match in a biodiversity hotspot. Invert Zool 31:635–663. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16055

Dawson MN, Jacobs DK (2001) Molecular evidence for cryptic species of Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa). Biol Bull 200:92–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/1543089

Fautin DGF (1988) Importance of nematocyst to actinian taxonomy. In: Hessinger DA, Lenhoff HM (eds) The biology of the nematocysts. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 487–500

Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotech 3:294–299

Forsskål, P, Niebuhr C (1775) Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium / quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Adjuncta est materia medica kahirina atque tabula maris Rubri geographica.

Galtier N, Gouy M, Gautier C (1996) SEAVIEW and PHYLO_WIN: two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny. Comput Appl Biosci 12:543–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/12.6.543

Gamero-Mora E, Collins A, Boco S, Geson S III, Morandini A (2022) Revealing hidden diversity among upside-down jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopea): distinct evidence allows the change of status of a neglected variety and the description of a new species. Invert Syst 36(1):63–89. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS21002

Gershwin ML (2003) Scyphozoa and Cubozoa of Guam. Micronesica 35–36:156–158

Gershwin ML, Zeidler W, Davie P (2010) Medusae (Cnidaria) of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Mem Queensland Museum 54:47–108

Gouy M, Guindon S, Gascuel O (2010) SeaView version 4: a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building. Mol Biol Evol 27:221–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msp259

Graham WM, Bayha KM (2007) Biological invasions by marine jellyfish. In: Nentwig W (Ed.) Ecological studies, Biol Invasions 193:240–255

Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol 59:307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010

Gülşahin N (2016) Preliminary study on nematocyst types and venom isolation of Cassiopea andromeda Forskål, 1775 (Scyphozoa, Cnidaria) from Turkey. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 16:208–212. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524915666150826092321

Gundlach KA, Watson GM (2019) The effects of symbiotic state and nutrient availability on the cnidom in the model sea anemone Exaiptasia Diaphana. Mar Biol 166:31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3477-5

Haeckel E. (1880) Das System der Acraspeden. 2te Hälfte des Systems der Medusen. Acht Nachträge zur Vervollständigung des Systems. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena. 2:361–672.

Heins A, Glatzel T, Holst S (2015) Revised descriptions of the nematocysts and the asexual reproduction modes of the scyphozoan jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Forskål, 1775). Zoomorphology 134:351–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0263-x

Holland BS, Dawson MN, Crow GL, Hofmann DK (2004) Global phylogeography of Cassiopea (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae): molecular evidence for cryptic species and multiple invasions of the Hawaiian Islands. Mar Biol 145:1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1409-4

Iliff SM, Wilczek ER, Harris RJ, Bouldin R, Stoner EW (2020) Evidence of microplastics from benthic jellyfish (Cassiopea xamchana) in Florida estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 159:111521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111521

Wolfram Research, Inc. (2021) Mathematica, Version 12.3.1, Champaign, IL

Jantzen C, Wild C, Rasheed M, El-Zibdah M, Richter C (2010) Enhanced pore-water nutrient fluxes by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea sp. in a Red Sea coral reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 411:117–125. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08623

Jensch, F., and Hofmann, D. K. (1997) The cnidomes of Cassiopea andromeda Forskål, 1775, and Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow, 1882 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on coelenterate biology. The Leeuwenhorst, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands 16–21 July 1995, pp. 279–285.

Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010

Keable SJ, Ahyong ST (2016) First records of the invasive upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Cassiopeidae), from coastal lakes of New South Wales, Australia. Rec Aust Mus 68:23–30. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1656

Lawley JW, Gamero-Mora E, Maronna MM, Chiaverano LM, Stampar SN, Hopcroft RR, Collins AG, Morandini AC (2021) The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability: systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa). PeerJ 9:11954. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11954

Light SF (1914) Some Philippine Scyphomedusae, including two new genera, five new species, and one new variety. Philippine J Sci 9(D3):195–231

Lyndby NH, Kühl M, Wangpraseurt D (2016) Heat generation and light scattering of green fluorescent protein-like pigments in coral tissue. Sci Rep 6:26599. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26599

McKenzie M, Templeman M, Kingsford M (2020) Detecting effects of herbicide runoff: the use of Cassiopea maremetens as a biomonitor to hexazinone. Aquat Toxicol 221:105442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105442

Mellas RE, McIlroy SE, Fitt WK, Coffroth MA (2014) Variation in symbiont uptake in the early ontogeny of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea spp.. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 459:38-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.04.026

Morandini AC, Stamper SN, Maronna MM, Da Silveira FL (2017) All non-indigenous species were introduced recently? The case study of Cassiopea (Cnidaria: Schyphozoa) in Brazilian waters. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 97:321–328. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315416000400

Muffet KM, Klompen AM, Collins AG, Ames CL (2021) Raising awareness of the severity of “Contactless Stings” by Cassiopea jellyfish and kin. Animals 11(12):3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123357

Muffet KM, Aulgur J, Miglietta MP (2022) Impacts of light and food availability on early development of Cassiopea medusa. Front Mar Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.783876

Nylander JAA (2004) MrModeltest v2. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Program distributed by the author

Ohdera AH, Abrams MJ, Ames CL, Baker DM, Suescún-Bolívar LP, Collins AG, Freeman CJ, Gamero-Mora E, Goulet TL, Hofmann DK, Jaimes-Becerra A, Long PF, Marques AC, Miller LA, Mydlarz LD, Morandini AC, Newkirk CR, Putri SP, Samson JE, Stampar SN, Steinworth B, Templeman M, Thome PE, Vlok M, Woodley CM, Wong JCY, Martindale MQ, Fitt WK, Medina M (2018) Upside-down but headed in the right direction: Review of the highly versatile Cassiopea xamachana system. Front Ecol Evol 6:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00035

Ojimi MC, Hidaka M (2010) Comparison of telomere length among different life cycle stages of the jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda. Mar Biol 157:2279–2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1495-4/

Okumura Y (2012) rpsychi: Statistics for psychiatric research. R package version 0.8.

Östman C (2000) A guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification, and some notes on the systematic value of nematocysts. Sci Mar 64:31–46. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2000.64s131

Pallas PS (1774) Spicilegia zoologica, quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur cura P.S. Pallas.

Péron F, Lesueur CA (1810) Tableau des caractères génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espèces de méduses connues jusqu’à ce jour. Annales Du Muséum National D’histoire Naturelle De Paris 14:325–366

Phelan MA, Matta JL, Reyes YM, Fernando R, Boykins RA, Blanquet RS (2006) Associations between metals and the blue mesogleal protein of Cassiopea xamachana. Mar Biol 149:307–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0189-9

R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria

RStudio Team (2020) RStudio: integrated development environment for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA

Salih A, Larkum A, Cox G, Kühl M, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2000) Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective. Nature 408:850–853. https://doi.org/10.1038/35048564

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9:671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

Stamper SN, Gamero-Mora E, Maronna MM, Fritscher JM, Oliveira BSP, Sampaio CLS, Morandini AC (2020) The puzzling occurrence of the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) along the Brazilian coast: a result of several invasion events? Zoologia 37:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e50834

Stiasny G (1924) Über einige von Dr. C. J. van der Horst bei Curaçao gesammelte Medusen. Bijdragen tot de Kenntnis der Fauna van Curaçao. Resultaten eener Reis van C. J. van der Horst in 1920. Bijdragen to De Dierkunde 23:83–92

Sun T, Dong Z, Li Y (2019) Versuriga anadyomene, a newly recorded scyphozoan jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomae) in Chinese waters. J Oceanol Limnol 37:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-7273-8

Suprasi KM, Kumar M, Segeˇcová A, McCauley JI, Herdean A, Padula MP, O’Meara T, Ralph PJ (2021) Characterisation and bioactivity analysis of peridinin-chlorophyll a-Protein (PCP) Isolated from Symbiodinium tridacnidorum CS-73. J Mar Sci Eng 9:1387. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121387

Swift HF, Daglio LG, Dawson MN (2016) Three routes to crypsis: Stasis, convergence, and parallelism in the Mastigias species complex (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 99:103–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.013

Todd PA (2008) Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals. Biol Rev 83:315–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00045.x

Travis J (1994) Evaluating the adaptive role of morphological plasticity. Ecol Morphol 99–122

Umbers KDL (2013) On the perception, production and function of blue colouration in animals. J Zool 289:229–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12001

Wuitchik DM, Almanzar A, Benson BE, Brennan S, Chavez JD, Lesegang MB, Reavis JL, Reyes CL, Schniedewind MK, Trouble IF, Davies SW (2020) Characterizing environmental stress responses of aposymbiotic Astrangia poculata to divergent thermal challenges. Mol Ecol 00:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16108