Pharmacology of the kynurenine pathway

Stone, 1981, Quinolinic acid: a potent endogenous excitant at amino acid receptors in CNS, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 72, 411, 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90587-2 Schwarcz, 1983, Quinolinic acid: an endogenous metabolite that produces axon-sparing lesions in rat brain, Science, 219, 316, 10.1126/science.6849138 Stone, 1993, The neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids, Pharmacol. Rev., 45, 309 Stone, 2001, Kynurenines in the CNS: from endogenous obscurity to clinical relevance, Prog. Neurobiol., 64, 185, 10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00032-0 Stone, 2002, Endogenous kynurenines as targets for drug discovery and development, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 1, 609, 10.1038/nrd870 Kim, 1987, Quinolinate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture, Neuroscience, 23, 423, 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90066-2 Khaspekov, 1989, Neurotoxic effect induced by quinolinic acid in dissociated cell culture of mouse hippocampus, J. Neurosci. Res., 22, 150, 10.1002/jnr.490220207 Galarraga, 1990, Quinolinate and kainate neurotoxicity in neostriatal cultures is potentiated by coculturing with neocortical neurons, Brain Res., 512, 269, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90636-P Whetsell, 1989, Prolonged exposure to submicromolar concentrations of quinolinic acid causes excitotoxic damage in organotypic cultures of rat corticostriatal system, Neurosci. Lett., 97, 271, 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90609-5 Giulian, 1990, Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1, Science, 250, 1593, 10.1126/science.2148832 Giulian, 1993, The envelope glycoprotein of human immuno-deficiency virus type-1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 90, 2773, 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2769 Kerr, 1998, Chronic exposure of human neurones to quinolinic acid results in neuronal changes consistent with AIDS dementia complex, AIDS, 12, 355, 10.1097/00002030-199804000-00003 Behan, 2002, Enhanced neuronal damage by co-administration of quinolinic acid and free radicals and protection by adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, Br. J. Pharmacol., 135, 1435, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704613 Rios, 1991, Quinolinic acid is a potent lipid peroxidant in rat brain homogenates, Neurochem. Res., 16, 1139, 10.1007/BF00966592 Nakao, 1997, Effects of alpha-phenyl-t-butyl nitrone on neuronal survival and motor function following intrastriatal injections of quinolinate or 3-nitropropionic acid, Neuroscience, 76, 749, 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00223-0 Nakai, 1999, Free radical scavenger OPC-14117 attenuates quinolinic acid-induced NFκB activation and apoptosis in rat striatum, Mol. Brain Res., 64, 59, 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00310-6 Southgate, 1998, Melatonin plays a protective role in quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat hippocampus, J. Chem. Neuroanat., 14, 151, 10.1016/S0891-0618(98)00026-X Behan, 1999, Oxidative stress as a mechanism for quinolinic acid-induced hippocampal damage: protection by melatonin and deprenyl, Br. J. Pharmacol., 128, 1754, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702940 Stone, 2007, Interleukin-1β but not TNF-α potentiates neuronal damage by quinolinic acid: protection by an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, J. Neurosci. Res., 85, 1077, 10.1002/jnr.21212 Perkins, 1982, An iontophoretic investigation of the actions of convulsant kynurenines and their interaction with the endogenous excitant quinolinic acid, Brain Res., 247, 184, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)91048-4 Birch, 1988, Kynurenic acid antagonises responses to NMDA via an action at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 154, 85, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90367-6 Moroni, 1991, Modulation of quinolinic and kynurenic acid content in the rat-brain — effects of endotoxins and nicotinylalanine, J. Neurochem., 57, 1630, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb06361.x Speciale, 1996, (R,S)-3,4-dichlorobenzoylalanine (FCE 28833A) causes a large and persistent increase in brain kynurenic acid levels in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 315, 263, 10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00613-9 Rover, 1997, Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of N-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamides as high-affinity inhibitors of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase, J. Med. Chem., 40, 4378, 10.1021/jm970467t Behan, 2000, Role of kynurenines in the neurotoxic actions of kainic acid, Br. J. Pharmacol., 129, 1764, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703250 Connick, 1992, Nicotinylalanine increases cerebral kynurenic acid content and has anticonvulsant activity, Gen. Pharmacol., 23, 235, 10.1016/0306-3623(92)90017-E Giles, 2003, Electrochemical and in vitro evaluation of the redox properties of kynurenine species, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 300, 719, 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02917-0 Eastman, 1989, Cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine in a neuronal hybrid cell line, Brain Res., 495, 225, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90216-3 Eastman, 1990, The role of hydrogen peroxide in the in vitro cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine, Neurochem. Res., 15, 1101, 10.1007/BF01101711 Nakagami, 1996, 3-hydroxykynurenine toxicity on the rat striatum in vivo, Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 71, 183, 10.1254/jjp.71.183 Okuda, 1996, Hydrogen peroxide-mediated neuronal cell death induced by an endogenous neurotoxin, 3-hydroxykynurenine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 12553, 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12553 Okuda, 1998, 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity, J. Neurochem., 70, 299, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010299.x Saito, 1992, Effects of immune activation on quinolinic acid and neuroactive kynurenines in the mouse, Neuroscience, 51, 25, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90467-G Sardar, 1995, Increased concentrations of the neurotoxin 3-hydroxykynurenine in the frontal cortex of HIV-1-positive patients, J. Neurochem., 64, 932, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64020932.x Dykens, 1987, Oxidative reactivity of the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, cinnabarinate, quinolinate and picolinate, Biochem. Pharmacol., 36, 211, 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90691-5 Dykens, 1989, Glucose metabolism and hemoglobin reactivity in human red blood cells exposed to the tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilate, quinolinate and picolinate, Biochem. Pharmacol., 38, 1555, 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90301-8 Holt, 2002, Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolite concentrations in dogs with portosystemic shunts, Am. J. Vet. Res., 63, 1167, 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1167 Moroni, 1986, Content of quinolinic acid and of other tryptophan-metabolites increases in brain-regions of rats used as experimental-models of hepatic-encephalopathy, J. Neurochem., 46, 869, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13052.x Moroni, 1986, Increase in the content of quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal-fluid and frontal-cortex of patients with hepatic-failure, J. Neurochem., 47, 1667, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13071.x Robinson, 1992, Quinolinate in brain and cerebrospinal-fluid in rat models of congenital hyperammonemia, Pediatr. Res., 32, 483, 10.1203/00006450-199210000-00021 Bergqvist, 1995, Brain quinolinic acid in chronic experimental hepatic-encephalopathy — effects of an exogenous ammonium acetate challenge, J. Neurochem., 65, 2235, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65052235.x Bergqvist, 1996, Brain extracellular quinolinic acid in chronic experimental hepatic encephalopathy as assessed by in vivo microdialysis: acute effects of l-tryptophan, Neuropsychopharmacology, 15, 382, 10.1016/0893-133X(95)00256-D Heyes, 1992, Quinolinic acid and kynurenine pathway metabolism in inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurologic disease, Brain, 115, 1249, 10.1093/brain/115.5.1249 Heyes, 1991, Cerebrospinal-fluid and serum neopterin and biopterin in D-retrovirus-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca-mulatta) — relationship to clinical and viral status, AIDS, 5, 555, 10.1097/00002030-199105000-00012 Heyes, 1990, Increased cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid, kynurenic acid and l-kynurenine in acute septicaemia, J. Neurochem., 55, 338, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb08857.x Heyes, 1990, Delayed increases in regional brain quinolinic acid follow transient ischemia in the gerbil, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 10, 660, 10.1038/jcbfm.1990.119 Lees, 1993, The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia, J. Neurol. Sci., 114, 119, 10.1016/0022-510X(93)90285-7 Baratte, 1998, Temporal and spatial changes of quinolinic acid immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia, Mol. Brain Res., 59, 50, 10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00136-3 Sanni, 1998, Dramatic changes in oxidative tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway in experimental cerebral and noncerebral malaria, Am. J. Pathol., 152, 611 Clark, 2005, Prolonged survival of a murine model of cerebral malaria by kynurenine pathway inhibition, Infect. Immun., 73, 5249, 10.1128/IAI.73.8.5249-5251.2005