Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the critically ill

Albright, 1983, Clinical aspects of bupivacaine toxicity Arns, 1988, Adjustment of medications in liver failure, 85 Benowitz, 1978, Clinical pharmacokinetics of lignocaine, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 3, 177, 10.2165/00003088-197803030-00001 Bion, 1986, Sedation in intensive care: morphine and renal function, Intensive Care Medicine, 12, 359, 10.1007/BF00292926 Bodenham, 1988, The altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs commonly used in critically ill patients, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 14, 347, 10.2165/00003088-198814060-00003 Borges, 1982, Mannitol intoxication in patients with acute renal failure, Archives of Internal Medicine, 12, 63, 10.1001/archinte.1982.00340140065013 Brater, 1988, Pharmacokinetics, 1 Brummett, 1981, Comparative ototoxicity of bumetanide and furosemide when used with kanamycin, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 21, 628, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb05675.x Cohen, 1980, Postsurgical pain relief: patient's status and nurses' medication choices, Pain, 9, 265, 10.1016/0304-3959(80)90013-5 Cossum, 1981, Availability of isosorbide dinitrate, diazepam and chlormethiazole from i.v. delivery systems, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 19, 181, 10.1007/BF00561946 Cote, 1982, Nitroglycerin adsorption to polyvinyl chloride seriously interferes with its clinical use, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 61, 541, 10.1213/00000539-198206000-00013 Dahlstrom, 1982, Patient controlled analgesic therapy. IV. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 7, 266, 10.2165/00003088-198207030-00006 Dasta, 1988, Comparison of visual and turbidimetric methods for determining short-term compatibility of intravenous critical care drugs, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 45, 2361 De Boer, 1982, Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 7, 285, 10.2165/00003088-198207040-00002 De Monaco, 1988, Pharmacy services in the intensive care unit, 156 Florence, 1988, Physicochemical principles of pharmacy, 10.1007/978-1-349-16558-2 Gerkens, 1981, Hepatic and extrahepatic glucuronidation of lorazepam in the dog, Hepatology, 1, 329, 10.1002/hep.1840010409 Gerolwoski, 1983, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: principles and applications, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 72, 1103, 10.1002/jps.2600721003 Gibaldi, 1975 Grabinski, 1983, Plasma levels and analgesia following deltoid and gluteal injections of methadone and morphine, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 23, 48, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1983.tb02704.x Halpern, 1989, The compatibility of nicardipine hydrochloride injection with various ICU medications during simulated Y-site injection, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, 27, 250 Halpern, 1989, The compatibility of enalapril with commonly used critical care medications during simulated Y-site injection, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, 27, 294 Hilberman, 1982, Renal protection, 1 U, 1982, Renal protection, 111 Holley, 1984, Effects of cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on lidocaine disposition, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 35, 617, 10.1038/clpt.1984.85 Holt, 1989, Hemodynamic responses to amiodarone in critically ill patients receiving catecholamine infusions, Critical Care Medicine, 17, 1271, 10.1097/00003246-198912000-00006 Horowitz, 1986, Short term myocardial uptake of lidocaine and mexiletine in patients with ischemic heart disease, Circulation, 73, 987, 10.1161/01.CIR.73.5.987 Howarth, 1990, Digoxin-like immunoreactive substances in the plasma of intensive care unit patients: relationship to organ dysfunction, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 18, 45, 10.1177/0310057X9001800108 Huang, 1989, Drug concentrations in lymph: insight into the interstitial concentrations of drugs, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 14, A34 Hug, 1981, Biotransformation of morphine and fentanyl in anhepatic dogs, Anesthesiology, 55, A261 Jaeger, 1970, Plasticizers from plastic devices: extraction, metabolism, and accumulation by biological systems, Science, 170, 460, 10.1126/science.170.3956.460 Johnson, 1989, Compatibility of aminophylline and verapamil in intravenous admixtures, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 46, 97 Kanke, 1983, The binding of selected drugs to a treated in-line filter, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 40, 1323 Kowaluk, 1982, Interactions between drugs and intravenous delivery systems, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 39, 460 Lamont, 1979, Plasma theophylline level and effect on lung function after oral and rectal administration of aminophylline, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 26, 401, 10.1007/BF00561738 Lant, 1985, Diuretics: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use, Drugs, 29, 162, 10.2165/00003495-198529020-00003 Lesch, 1976, Inotropic agents and infarct size. Theoretic and practical considerations, American Journal of Cardiology, 37, 508, 10.1016/0002-9149(76)90389-1 MacIntyre, 1988, The potential role of lysosomes and tissue distribution of weak bases, Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 9, 513, 10.1002/bod.2510090602 MacIntyre, 1990, Morphine requirements in the postoperative patient using PCA decrease with age but are unrelated to weight, Pain, 5, 51 MacKichan, 1989, Protein binding drug displacement interactions. Fact or fiction?, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 16, 65, 10.2165/00003088-198916020-00001 MacNab, 1986, Profound reduction in morphine clearance and liver blood flow in shock, Intensive Care Medicine, 12, 366, 10.1007/BF00292927 Maher, 1988, Pharmacokinetic alterations with renal failure and dialysis, 47 Major, 1983, Influence of sample site on blood concentrations of ICI 35 868, British Journal of Anasthesia, 55, 371, 10.1093/bja/55.5.371 Mather, 1986, A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. V. The effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on blood flowand pethidine disposition, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58, 888, 10.1093/bja/58.8.888 Morgan, 1986, Variability of the blood/plasma concentration ratio of pethidine, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 38, 557, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04640.x Nasraway, 1989, Inotropic response to digoxin and dobutamine in patients with severe sepsis, cardiac failure and systemic hypoperfusion, Chest, 95, 612, 10.1378/chest.95.3.612 Nattel, 1987, The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 13, 293, 10.2165/00003088-198713050-00002 Nimmo, 1983, Drugs, diseases and altered gastric emptying Owen, 1987, The lockout interval in patient controlled analgesia: a rational basis for choice, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 59, 1328P Pereira-Rosario, 1988, Interaction of heparin sodium and dopamine hydrochloride in admixtures studied by microcalorimetry, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 45, 1350 Perucca, 1985, Interpretation of drug levels in acute and chronic disease states, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 10, 498, 10.2165/00003088-198510060-00003 Petersen, 1981, Leaching of 2-(2-hydroxyethylmercapto) benzothiazole into contents of disposable syringes, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 70, 1139, 10.1002/jps.2600701012 Petty, 1974, Insulin adsorption by glass infusion bottles, polyvinyl chloride infusion containers, and intravenous tubing, Anesthesiology, 40, 400, 10.1097/00000542-197404000-00018 Platt, 1982, Adverse effects of the third generation cephalosporins, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 19, 135, 10.1093/jac/10.suppl_C.135 Powell, 1983, Once-daily vs continuous aminoglycoside dosing: efficacy and toxicity in animal and clinical studies of gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 147, 918, 10.1093/infdis/147.5.918 Poyner, 1987, In consideration of active metabolites, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 27, 167, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1987.tb02179.x Rawlins, 1985, Extrahepatic drug metabolism, 21 Reiz, 1989, Anaesthesia and cardiac disease Rosen, 1989, Potential incompatibility of insulin and octreotide in total parenteral nutrient solutions: letter, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 46, 1128 Ruffolo, 1988, Cardiovascular adrenoceptors: physiology and critical care implications, 166 Runciman, 1980, Cardiorespiratory support of the septic patient, 163 Runciman, 1987, Adrenoceptor agonists, 180 Runciman, 1983, Extravisceral drug clearance, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 10, 677 Runciman, 1984, Gastric recycling of pethidine, chlormethiazole and lignocaine, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 8, 68 Runciman, 1984, A sheep preparation for the study of the interaction between blood flow and drug disposition. I physiological profile, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 56, 1015, 10.1093/bja/56.9.1015 Runciman, 1985, A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. IV. The effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on bloodflow and cefoxitin disposition, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 57, 1239, 10.1093/bja/57.12.1239 Runciman, 1985, The effect of hypoxia and haemodilution on chlormethiazole kinetics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 9, 49 Runciman, 1986, A sheep preparation for studying interactions between blood flow and drug disposition. VI. The effects of general and spinal anaesthesia on blood flow and chlormethiazole disposition, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 58, 1308, 10.1093/bja/58.11.1308 Runciman, 1987, An evaluation of intravenous infusion pumps and controllers, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 15, 217, 10.1177/0310057X8701500217 Sakata, 1987, Studies on the distribution of lidocaine in tissue after spinal and intravenous application in rabbits: clinical and forensic toxicological aspects, Clinical Toxicology, 25, 567, 10.3109/15563658708992658 Salmeron, 1989, Intravenous versus inhaled salbutamol in status asthmatics? A multicentre double blind study, Chest, 96, 136S Smith, 1988, Digitalis mechanism of action and clinical use, New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 358, 10.1056/NEJM198802113180606 Svensson, 1986, Free drug concentration monitoring in clinical practice. Rationale and current status, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 11, 450, 10.2165/00003088-198611060-00003 Swerdlow, 1987, Intravenous anaesthetic agents. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic responses, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 12, 79, 10.2165/00003088-198712020-00001 Thompson, 1980, Incomplete mixing of drugs in intravenous infusions, Critical Care Medicine, 8, 603, 10.1097/00003246-198011000-00001 Tucker, 1989, Enantiomer specific pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45, 309, 10.1016/0163-7258(90)90069-E Upton, 1989, Studies of regional pharmacokinetics in the sheep Upton, 1987, The influence of drug sorption on pharmacokinetic studies of chlormethiazole and lignocaine, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 39, 485, 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1987.tb03427.x Upton, 1988, The use of mass balance principles to describe regional drug distribution and elimination, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 16, 13, 10.1007/BF01061860 Upton, 1988, The uptake and elution of lignocaine and procainamide in the hindquarters of the sheep described using mass balance principles, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 16, 31, 10.1007/BF01061861 Upton, 1990, The uptake and elution of chlormethiazole, meperidine and minaxolone in the hindquarters of sheep—implications for clearance calculations, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vinik, 1983, The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in chronic renal failure patients, Anesthesiology, 59, 390, 10.1097/00000542-198311000-00005 Weis, 1983, Attitudes of patients, housestaff and nurses towards postoperative analgesic care, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 62, 70, 10.1213/00000539-198301000-00012 Yahya, 1988, Drug sorption to glass and plastic, Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 6, 1 Zbrozek, 1988, Compatibility and stability of cefazolin sodium, clindamycin phosphate, and gentamicin sulfate in two intravenous solutions, Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy, 22, 873, 10.1177/106002808802201106 Zito, 1981, Regional myocardial kinetics of lidocaine in experimental infarction: modulation by regional blood flow, American Journal of Cardiology, 47, 265, 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90396-9