Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

Annual Review of Environment and Resources - Tập 35 Số 1 - Trang 57-75 - 2010
Klaus Kümmerer1
1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;

Tóm tắt

Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μg L−1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remain poorly understood. Although there are no known short-term effects on humans, long-term effects cannot be ruled out until there is more research. The significance of metabolites and transformation products resulting from the parent APIs is not yet known. Awareness of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, coupled with some evidence of effects, suggests that precautionary management action to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals to the environment should be considered. As for effluent treatment, no technology works well for all compounds. Advanced effluent treatment is not sustainable because of energy consumption, efficiency, and efficacy. Therefore, its appropriateness must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Increased handling and use measures at the source and better biodegradable pharmaceuticals are necessary in the long run for the new paradigm called “sustainable pharmacy.”

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1039/b713736m

10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00041-3

Fatta-Kassinos D, 2009, Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle: Mass Flows, Environmental Processes, Mitigation and Treatment Strategies, 16

Kümmerer K, 2010, Treatise on Water Science

10.1289/ehp.99107s6907

10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00144-8

10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0

10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.023

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.086

10.1002/jpln.200390023

Williams R, 2005, Science for Assessing the Impacts of Human Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Ecosystems

Ternes TA, 2006, Human Pharmaceuticals, Hormones and Fragrances. The Challenge of Micro-Pollutants in Urban Water Management

13. Cunningham V. 2008. Special characteristics of pharmaceuticals related to environmental fate. See Ref. 7, pp. 23–34

14. Straub JO. 2010. Protein and peptide therapeuticals: an example of ‘benign by nature’ active pharmaceutical ingredients. See Ref. 118, pp. 127–33

10.1021/es703186e

10.1289/ehp.0900689

10.1897/08-047.1

10.1021/es052554d

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.054

10.1897/09-067.1

10.1007/s11356-009-0195-4

Kümmerer K, 2003, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 9, 1203

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.007

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.037

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.022

10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00075-1

10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.051

10.1021/es062484q

10.1016/j.cattod.2007.08.008

10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.002

Längin A, 2008, Clean, 36, 349

32. Thomas KV, Langford KH. 2010. Point sources of human pharmaceuticals into the aquatic environment. See Ref. 118, pp. 211–23

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.008

10.1897/07-080.1

10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.016

10.1016/0021-9673(95)01063-7

10.1007/s002449900449

10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.038

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.10.007

10.1007/s00216-008-2020-1

10.1007/s11267-008-9183-9

10.1021/es990633h

10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00853.x

10.1021/es00005a039

10.1021/bk-2001-0791.ch006

10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_10

10.1065/uwsf2007.07.201

10.1289/ehp.8315

10.3122/jabfm.19.6.542

10.1159/000094268

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.013

52. Nequille A, Bugnon O. 2008. Pharmaceuticals and environment: role of community pharmacies. See Ref. 7, pp. 467–74

53. Vollmer G. 2010. Disposal of pharmaceutical waste in households—a European survey. See Ref. 118, pp. 165–78

10.1021/es801845a

10.1002/aheh.200400657

10.1021/es051380x

57. Kallenborn R, Fick R, Lindberg R, Moe M, Nielsen KM, et al. 2008. Pharmaceutical residues in northern European environments: consequences and perspectives. See Ref. 7, pp. 61–74

Zuccato E, 2005, Environ. Health, 5, 4

10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.029

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.057

10.1002/mas.20168

10.1007/s00216-006-0942-z

10.1021/es050261e

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.035

10.1021/es0256212

10.1007/s11356-009-0279-1

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.068

10.1016/j.envint.2007.01.006

10.1155/2007/63459

10.1021/es072044e

10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.014

10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.046

10.1016/j.watres.2009.05.027

10.1080/10408440490464697

10.1897/08-622.1

10.1002/etc.5620200610

10.1073/pnas.0609568104

10.1021/es800633q

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.006

10.1007/s10393-007-0105-5

10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.009

10.1007/s002449900435

10.2166/wst.2006.338

10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.014

10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.015

10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.07.006

10.1007/s00216-006-1033-x

10.1021/es0101227

10.1093/toxsci/kfm291

10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.003

10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.004

10.1038/nature02317

10.1098/rsbl.2005.0425

10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.017

10.1080/10807030701341092

10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.005

10.1080/15287390600975137

10.1128/AEM.02159-06

10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01507.x

Kümmerer K, 2008, Studie im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Freiburg

10.1021/es00072a001

10.1289/ehp.5947

Strässle R, 2007, Umw. Perspekt.—Das Fachmag. für Erfolgreiches Umweltmanag., 4, 34

10.2166/wst.2002.0058

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.007

Metzger S, 2005, GWF Wasser Abwasser, 9, 638

10.1021/es0618595

10.1021/es0607741

10.1065/uwsf2007.07.202

10.1021/es0628248

10.2166/wst.2008.819

10.1039/b618298b

113. Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. 2005. Arzneistoffe in der Umwelt. http://www.lfu.bayern.de/lfu/umweltberat/data/chem/stoff/arznei_2005.pdf

114. Heinzmann B, Schwarz RJ, Pineau C. 2006. Getrennte Erfassung von jodorganischen Röntgenkontrastmitteln in Berliner Krankenhäusern und deren Transformation. Presented at Getrennte Erfass. von jodorganischen Röntgenkontrastmitteln in Berliner Krankenh. und deren Transform., Worksh., Berlin

10.1039/b709745j

116. Wennmalm A, Gunnarson B. 2010. Experiences with the Swedish environmental classification scheme. See Ref. 118, pp. 243–49

10.1039/b516637n

10.1007/978-3-642-05199-9

10.1007/978-3-642-05199-9_3

120. EU Parliam./EU Comm. 2002. Decision No. 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2002 laying down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme. 10.9.2002. Off. J. Eur. Communities L242/1–15, 2002. 24.http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:242:0001:0015:EN:PDF

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Tập 35 Số 1

57-75

Thông tin tác giả