Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs): A review on environmental contamination in China

Environment International - Tập 59 - Trang 208-224 - 2013
Jin-Lin Liu1, Ming Hung Wong1,2
1Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
2School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Linan, PR China

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

AMZV (Arzneimittel-Zulassungsverordnung), 2001, Verordnung des Schweizerischen Heilmittelinstituts vom 9

Arikan, 2008, Occurrence of antibiotics and hormones in a major agricultural watershed, Desalination, 226, 121, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.238

Ashton, 2004, Investigating the environmental transport of human pharmaceuticals to streams in the United Kingdom, Sci Total Environ, 333, 167, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.062

Behera, 2011, Occurrence and removal of antibiotics, hormones and several other pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants of the largest industrial city of Korea, Sci Total Environ, 409, 4351, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.015

Ben, 2008, Simultaneous determination of sulfonamides, tetracyclines and tiamulin in swine wastewater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1202, 173, 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.014

Besse, 2008, Human pharmaceuticals in surface waters, Toxicol Lett, 176, 104, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.012

BosiData (Bosi Data Research Center), 2011

Boyd, 2004, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in storm water canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA., Sci Total Environ, 333, 137, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.018

Brausch, 2011, A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity, Chemosphere, 82, 1518, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018

Brix, 2009, Analysis and occurrence of alkylphenolic compounds and estrogens in a European river basin and an evaluation of their importance as priority pollutants, Anal Bioanal Chem, 396, 1301, 10.1007/s00216-009-3358-8

Brown, 2006, Occurrence of antibiotics in hospital, residential, and dairy effluent, municipal wastewater, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico, Sci Total Environ, 366, 772, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.10.007

Carballa, 2004, Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant, Water Res, 38, 2918, 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.029

CAST (China Association of Science and Technology), 2008

Castiglioni, 2006, Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Italy, Environ Sci Technol, 40, 357, 10.1021/es050991m

CDER (Center for Drug Evaluation, Research), 1998

CFDA (China Food, Drug Administration)

Chang, 2007, Occurrence of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in sewage treatment plants and receiving river waters, Environ Sci Technol, 41, 3462, 10.1021/es062746o

Chang, 2008, Occurrence of sulfonamide antibiotics in sewage treatment plants, Chinese Sci Bull, 53, 514, 10.1007/s11434-008-0123-x

Chang, 2009, Determination and source apportionment of five classes of steroid hormones in urban rivers, Environ Sci Technol, 43, 7691, 10.1021/es803653j

Chang, 2011, Occurrence of androgens and progestogens in wastewater treatment plants and receiving river waters: comparison to estrogens, Water Res, 45, 732, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.046

Chang, 2010, Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China, Environ Pollut, 158, 1444, 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.034

Chen, 2007, The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic musks in a typical cosmetic plant, Chemosphere, 66, 252, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.024

Chen, 2012, Toxicity assessment of simulated urban runoff containing polycyclic musks and cadmium in Carassius auratus using oxidative stress biomarkers, Environ Pollut, 162, 91, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.016

Chen, 2011, Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China, Environ Pollut, 159, 1490, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.016

Chen, 2010, High estrogen concentrations in receiving river discharge from a concentrated livestock feedlot, Sci Total Environ, 408, 3223, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.054

Chen, 2013, Occurrence and dissipation of three azole biocides climbazole, clotrimazole and miconazole in biosolid-amended soils, Sci Total Environ, 452–453, 377, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.004

Chinadaily

ChinaIRN (China Industry Research Net), 2012

Cleuvers, 2003, Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals including the assessment of combination effects, Toxicol Lett, 142, 185, 10.1016/S0378-4274(03)00068-7

Cooper, 2008, Preliminary risk assessment database and risk ranking of pharmaceuticals in the environment, Sci Total Environ, 398, 26, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.061

Cui, 2006, Determination of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plant of a controceptives producing factory, Environ Monit Assess, 121, 407, 10.1007/s10661-005-9139-8

Daughton, 2003, Cradle-to-cradle stewardship of drugs for minimizing their environmental disposition while promoting human health: I Rationale for and avenues toward a green pharmacy, Environ Health Persp, 111, 757, 10.1289/ehp.5947

Daughton, 1999, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?, Environ Health Persp, 107, 907, 10.1289/ehp.99107s6907

Dong, 2013, Prioritizing environmental risk of prescription pharmaceuticals, Regul Toxicol Pharm, 65, 60, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.07.003

Duedahl-Olesen, 2005, Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk, Chemosphere, 61, 422, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.004

EMA (European Medicines Agency), 2006

Fent, 2006, Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals, Aquat Toxicol, 76, 122, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.09.009

Ferguson, 2013, Fluctuations in natural and synthetic estrogen concentrations in a tidal estuary in south-eastern Australia, Water Res, 47, 1604, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.020

Foran, 2000, Developmental evaluation of a potential non-steroidal estrogen: triclosan, Mar Environ Res, 50, 153, 10.1016/S0141-1136(00)00080-5

Gao, 2012, Occurrence of antibiotics in eight sewage treatment plants in Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 86, 665, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.019

Gomez, 2005, Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: parabens, UV screens, and musks, J Toxicol Env Health, 68, 239, 10.1080/15287390590895054

Gong, 2011, Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta, China, Mar Pollut Bull, 63, 556, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.026

Gong, 2009, Occurrence and environmental risk of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surface waters of the Pearl River, South China, Environ Monit Assess, 156, 199, 10.1007/s10661-008-0474-4

Gulkowska, 2007, The occurrence of selected antibiotics in Hong Kong coastal waters, Mar Pollut Bull, 54, 1287, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.008

Gulkowska, 2008, Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by sewage treatment facilities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China, Water Res, 42, 395, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.031

He, 2012, Residues of fluoroquinolones in marine aquaculture environment of the Pearl River Delta, South China, Environ Geochem Health, 34, 323, 10.1007/s10653-011-9420-4

Heberer, 2002, Occurrence, fate, and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data, Toxicol Lett, 131, 5, 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00041-3

Heddini, 2009, Antibiotic resistance in China—a major future challenge, Lancet, 373, 30, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61956-X

Hu, 2008, Phenotyping and genotyping of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a natural river basin, Environ Sci Technol, 42, 3415, 10.1021/es7026746

Hu, 2010, Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China, Environ Pollut, 158, 2992, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023

Hu, 2011, Concentrations, distribution, and bioaccumulation of synthetic musks in the Haihe River of China, Chemosphere, 84, 1630, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.013

Hu, 2010, Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China, Environ Toxicol Chem, 29, 1877, 10.1002/etc.258

Huang, 2010, Determination of commonly used azole antifungals in various waters and sewage sludge using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1217, 3481, 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.022

Huang, 2011, Occurrence and behavior of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lipid regulators in wastewater and urban river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China, J Environ Monit, 13, 855, 10.1039/c1em10015g

Huang, 2012, Enantiomeric determination of azole antifungals in wastewater and sludge by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal Bioanal Chem, 403, 1751, 10.1007/s00216-012-5976-9

Huggett, 2002, Toxicity of select beta adrenergic receptor-blocking pharmaceuticals (β-blockers) on aquatic organisms, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 43, 229, 10.1007/s00244-002-1182-7

Hutter, 2009, Synthetic musks in blood of healthy young adults: relationship to cosmetics use, Sci Total Environ, 407, 4821, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.026

Irwin, 2001, Vitellogenin induction in painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, as a biomarker of exposure to environmental levels of estradiol, Aquat Toxicol, 55, 49, 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00159-X

Jiang, 2011, Occurrence, distribution and seasonal variation of antibiotics in the Huangpu River, Shanghai, China, Chemosphere, 82, 822, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.028

Jiao, 2008, Aqueous photolysis of tetracycline and toxicity of photolytic products to luminescent bacteria, Chemosphere, 73, 377, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.042

Jin, 2008, Seasonal variations of estrogenic compounds and their estrogenicities in influent and effluent from a municipal sewage treatment plant in China, Environ Toxicol Chem, 27, 146, 10.1897/07-072.1

Jobling, 2006, Predicted exposures to steroid estrogens in UK rivers correlate with widespread sexual disruption in wild fish populations, Environ Health Perspect, 114, 32, 10.1289/ehp.8050

Jones, 2002, Aquatic environmental assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals, Water Res, 36, 5013, 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00227-0

Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2009, The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters, Water Res, 43, 363, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.047

Kemper, 2008, Veterinary antibiotics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, Ecol Indic, 8, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.06.002

Khanal, 2006, Fate, transport, and biodegradation of natural estrogens in the environment and engineered systems, Environ Sci Technol, 40, 6537, 10.1021/es0607739

Kim, 2007, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters, Water Res, 41, 1013, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.034

Kinney, 2006, Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in biosolids destined for land application, Environ Sci Technol, 40, 7207, 10.1021/es0603406

Kobayashi, 2007, Distribution and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins in Mekong river sediments in Vietnam, FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 59, 729, 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00244.x

Kolpin, 2004, Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions, Sci Total Environ, 328, 119, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015

Kolpin, 2002, Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance, Environ Sci Technol, 36, 1202, 10.1021/es011055j

Kummerer, 2000

Lai, 2002, The effects of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in relation to their environmental occurrence, Crit Rev Toxicol, 32, 113, 10.1080/20024091064192

Lee, 2006, Natural estrogens in the surface water of Shenzhen and the sewage discharge of Hong Kong, Hum Ecol Risk Assess, 12, 301, 10.1080/10807030500533394

Li, 2011, Mass flows and removal of antibiotics in two municipal wastewater treatment plants, Chemosphere, 83, 1284, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.002

Li, 2007, Occurrence and behavior of four of the most used sunscreen UV filters in a wastewater reclamation plant, Water Res, 41, 3506, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.039

Li, 2010, Simultaneous determination and assessment of 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A and triclosan in tap water, bottled water and baby bottles, Environ Int, 36, 557, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.009

Li, 2013, 4-Nonylphenol, bisphenol-A and triclosan levels in human urine of children and students in China, and the effects of drinking these bottled materials on the levels, Environ Int, 52, 81, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.026

Li, 2009, Status, problems and countermeasures of antibiotic use in livestock agriculture, China Anim Health, 9, 55

Li, 2012, Single and combined effects of selected pharmaceuticals at sublethal concentrations on multiple biomarkers in Carassius auratus, Ecotoxicity, 21, 353, 10.1007/s10646-011-0796-9

Li, 2010, Hepatic antioxidant status and hematological parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after chronic exposure to carbamazepine, Chem Biol Interact, 183, 98, 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.009

Lignell, 2008, Temporal trends of synthetic musk compounds in mother's milk and associations with personal use of perfumed products, Environ Sci Technol, 42, 6743, 10.1021/es800626n

Lin, 2011, Sorption of triclosan onto sediments and its distribution behavior in sediment–water–rhamnolipid systems, Environ Toxicol Chem, 30, 2416, 10.1002/etc.642

Lin, 2011, Sorption and degradation of wastewater-associated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics in soils, Chemosphere, 83, 240, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.083

Lin, 2010, Fate of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products after secondary wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan, Water Sci Technol, 62, 2450, 10.2166/wst.2010.476

Lin, 2009, Removal of pharmaceuticals in secondary wastewater treatment processes in Taiwan, J Hazard Mater, 167, 1163, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.108

Lindberg, 2005, Screening of human antibiotic substances and determination of weekly mass flows in five sewage treatment plants in Sweden, Environ Sci Technol, 39, 3421, 10.1021/es048143z

Lindqvist, 2005, Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters, Water Res, 39, 2219, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.003

Lindsay, 2004, Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan, Nature, 427, 630, 10.1038/nature02317

Lishman, 2006, Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada, Sci Total Environ, 367, 544, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.021

Liu, 2011, Distribution and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in wild fish species from Dianchi Lake, China, Environ Pollut, 159, 2815, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.013

Liu, 2012, Biological effects and bioaccumulation of steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in high-back crucian carp exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluents, Environ Pollut, 162, 325, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.036

Liu, 2011, Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1218, 1367, 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.014

Liu, 2012, Occurrence and fate of androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids and progestagens in two different types of municipal wastewater treatment plants, J Environ Monit, 14, 482, 10.1039/C1EM10783F

Lu, 2011, Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China, Environ Pollut, 159, 3522, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.015

Lu, 2010, Occurrence of synthetic musks in indoor dust from China and implications for human exposure, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 60, 182, 10.1007/s00244-010-9595-1

Lu, 2010, Occurrence of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust from China, and implications for human exposures, Environ Sci Technol, 44, 6081, 10.1021/es101368n

Luo, 2010, Trends in antibiotic resistance genes occurrence in the Haihe River, China, Environ Sci Technol, 44, 7220, 10.1021/es100233w

Luo, 2011, Occurrence and transport of tetracycline, sulfonamide, quinolone, and macrolide antibiotics in the Haihe River Basin, China, Environ Sci Technol, 45, 1827, 10.1021/es104009s

Lv, 2010, Seasonal occurrence and behavior of synthetic musks (SMs) during wastewater treatment process in Shanghai, China, Sci Total Environ, 408, 4170, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.003

Managaki, 2007, Distribution of macrolides, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim in tropical waters: ubiquitous occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong Delta, Environ Sci Technol, 41, 8004, 10.1021/es0709021

MEP (Ministry of Environmental Production of China)

MEP (Ministry of Environmental Production of China)

MEP (Ministry of Environmental Production of China)

MEP (Ministry of Environmental Production of China)

Miège, 2009, Fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants—conception of a database and first results, Environ Pollut, 157, 1721, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.045

Minh, 2009, Antibiotics in the Hong Kong metropolitan area: ubiquitous distribution and fate in Victoria Harbour, Mar Pollut Bull, 58, 1052, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.004

MOHURD (Ministry of Housing Urban–Rural Development of China), 2012

Nakada, 2008, Evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as water-soluble molecular markers of sewage, Environ Sci Technol, 42, 6347, 10.1021/es7030856

Nakada, 2006, Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment, Water Res, 40, 3297, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.039

Nakata, 2005, Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters, Environ Sci Technol, 39, 3430, 10.1021/es050199l

Nakata, 2010, Concentration of benzotriazole UV stabilizers and polycyclic musks in wastewater treatment plant samples in Japan, 51

Noppe, 2007, Occurrence of estrogens in the Scheldt estuary: a 2-year survey, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 66, 1, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.04.005

Paxeus, 2004, Removal of selected non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gemfibrozil, carbamazepine, beta-blockers, trimethoprim and triclosan in conventional wastewater treatment plants in five EU countries and their discharge to the aquatic environment, Water Sci Technol, 50, 253, 10.2166/wst.2004.0335

Peck, 2004, Synthetic musk fragrances in Lake Michigan, Environ Sci Technol, 38, 367, 10.1021/es034769y

Peng, 2012, Distribution, behavior and fate of azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment plants in China, Sci Total Environ, 426, 311, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.067

Peng, 2008, Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol antibiotics in urban waters in China, Environ Toxicol Chem, 27, 73, 10.1897/06-650.1

Peng, 2006, A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of sulfonamides, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol antimicrobials in wastewaters of two sewage treatment plants in Guangzhou, China, Sci Total Environ, 371, 314, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.001

Peng, 2008, Occurrence of steroid estrogens, endocrine-disrupting phenols, and acid pharmaceutical residues in urban riverine water of the Pearl River Delta, South China, Sci Total Environ, 397, 158, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.059

Peng, 2011, Distribution pattern, behavior, and fate of antibacterials in urban aquatic environments in South China, J Environ Monit, 13, 446, 10.1039/C0EM00394H

Pruden, 2006, Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants: Studies in Northern Colorado, Environ Sci Technol, 40, 7445, 10.1021/es060413l

Qiao, 2011, Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water in southern China, J Environ Monit, 13, 3097, 10.1039/c1em10318k

Radjenovic, 2008, Rejection of pharmaceuticals in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane drinking water treatment, Water Res, 42, 3601, 10.1016/j.watres.2008.05.020

Ramaswamy, 2011, GC–MS analysis and ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, carbamazepine and parabens in Indian rivers, J Hazard Mater, 186, 1586, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.037

Reiner, 2007, Mass flow of polycyclic musks in two wastewater treatment plants, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 52, 451, 10.1007/s00244-006-0203-3

Reiner, 2007, Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States, Environ Sci Technol, 41, 3815, 10.1021/es063088a

Reynolds, 2009, Factors influencing antibiotic prescribing in China: an exploratory analysis, Health Policy, 90, 32, 10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.09.002

Rosal, 2009, Ecotoxicity assessment of lipid regulators in water and biologically treated wastewater using three aquatic organisms, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 17, 135, 10.1007/s11356-009-0137-1

Ruan, 2012, Concentrations and composition profiles of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in municipal sewage sludge in China, Environ Sci Technol, 46, 2071, 10.1021/es203376x

Salgado, 2010, Analysis of 65 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 5 wastewater treatment plants in Portugal using a simplified analytical methodology, Water Sci Technol, 62, 2862, 10.2166/wst.2010.985

Santos, 2007, Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. A case study: Seville city (Spain), Environ Int, 33, 596, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.014

Schwaiger, 2004, Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac: Part I: histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout, Aquat Toxicol, 68, 141, 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.03.014

SCIO (State Council Information Office of China), 2008

SERI (Samsung Economic Research Institute), 2012

Servos, 2005, Distribution of estrogens, 17beta-estradiol and estrone in Canadian municipal wastewater treatment plants, Sci Total Environ, 336, 155, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.025

Shemesh, 2003, Naturally produced steroid hormones and their release into the environment, Pure Appl Chem, 75, 1859, 10.1351/pac200375111859

SIC (State Information Center), 2011

Siegener, 2002, Caffeine in Boston Harbour seawater, Mar Pollut Bull, 44, 383, 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00176-4

Stuer-Lauridsen, 2000, Environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in Denmark after normal therapeutic use, Chemosphere, 40, 783, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00453-1

Stumpf, 1999, Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Sci Total Environ, 225, 135, 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00339-8

Sui, 2011, Seasonal variation in the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in different biological wastewater treatment processes, Environ Sci Technol, 45, 3341, 10.1021/es200248d

Sui, 2010, Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China, Water Res, 44, 417, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.010

Sui, 2012, Identification of priority pharmaceuticals in the water environment of China, Chemosphere, 89, 280, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.037

Sun, 2008, Contributors to estrogenic activity in wastewater from a large wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 25, 20, 10.1016/j.etap.2007.08.003

Tabata, 2001, Estrogenic influences of estradiol-17 beta, p-nonylphenol and bis-phenol-A on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) at detected environmental concentrations, Water Sci Technol, 43, 109, 10.2166/wst.2001.0079

Tamtam, 2008, Occurrence and fate of antibiotics in the Seine River in various hydrological conditions, Sci Total Environ, 393, 84, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.12.009

Tauxe-Wuersch, 2005, Occurrence of several acidic drugs in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland and risk assessment, Water Res, 39, 1761, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.03.003

Ternes, 2002, Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water treatment, Environ Sci Technol, 36, 3855, 10.1021/es015757k

TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration), 2008, Australian Government, Department of Health and Aging, Therapeutic Goods Administration

Thomas, 2004, The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries, Mar Pollut Bull, 49, 436, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.02.028

Thomas, 2005, Tracking acidic pharmaceuticals, caffeine, and triclosan through the wastewater treatment process, Environ Toxicol Chem, 24, 25, 10.1897/04-144R.1

Tong, 2011, Occurrence and risk assessment of four typical fluoroquinolone antibiotics in raw and treated sewage and in receiving waters in Hangzhou, China, J Agric Food Chem, 59, 7303, 10.1021/jf2013937

Touraud, 2011, Drug residues and endocrine disruptors in drinking water: risk for humans?, Int J Hyg Environ Health, 214, 437, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.06.003

U.S.EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)

U.S.FDA (U.S. Food, Drug Administration)

Vieno, 2007, Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in river water and their elimination in a pilot-scale drinking water treatment plant, Environ Sci Technol, 41, 5077, 10.1021/es062720x

Vieno, 2006, Analysis of neutral and basic pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants and in recipient rivers using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection, J Chromatogr A, 1134, 101, 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.077

Vieno, 2007, Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland, Water Res, 41, 1001, 10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017

Wan, 2007, Levels, tissue distribution, and age-related accumulation of synthetic musk fragrances in Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis): comparison to organochlorines, Environ Sci Technol, 41, 424, 10.1021/es061771r

Wang, 2012, Occurrence and human exposure of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), mbisphenol A diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), and their hydrolysis products in indoor dust from the United States and three East Asian countries, Environ Sci Technol, 46, 11584, 10.1021/es303516u

Wang, 2013, Characteristic profiles of urinary p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters (parabens) in children and adults from the United States and China, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 2069, 10.1021/es304659r

Wang, 2010, Occurrence and risk assessment of acidic pharmaceuticals in the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River of north China, Sci Total Environ, 408, 3139, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.04.047

Wang, 2010, Determination of four fluoroquinolone antibiotics in tap water in Guangzhou and Macao, Environ Pollut, 158, 2350, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.019

Wang, 2005, Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting compounds in reclaimed water from Tianjin, China, Anal Bioanal Chem, 383, 857, 10.1007/s00216-005-0082-x

Wei, 2011, Occurrence of veterinary antibiotics in animal wastewater and surface water around farms in Jiangsu Province, China, Chemosphere, 82, 1408, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.067

Wei, 2013, Distinct photolytic mechanisms and products for different dissociation species of ciprofloxacin, Environ Sci Technol, 47, 4284, 10.1021/es400425b

Weigel, 2004, Determination of selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Tromsø/Norway with emphasis on ibuprofen and its metabolites, Chemosphere, 56, 583, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.015

Xiao, 2008, Trace analysis of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics from wastewaters by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J Chromatogr A, 1214, 100, 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.090

Xu, 2009, Leachability of some emerging contaminants in reclaimed municipal wastewater-irrigated turf grass fields, Environ Toxicol Chem, 28, 1842, 10.1897/08-471.1

Xu, 2010, Leaching potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in soils, Environ Toxicol Chem, 29, 800, 10.1002/etc.107

Xu, 2007, Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, Water Res, 41, 4526, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.023

Xu, 2007, Determination of selected antibiotics in the Victoria Harbour and the Pearl River, South China using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, Environ Pollut, 145, 672, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.038

Xu, 2009, A preliminary investigation on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Yellow River and its tributaries, China, Water Environ Res, 81, 248, 10.2175/106143008X325719

Yang, 2010, Simultaneous determination of four classes of antibiotics in sediments of the Pearl Rivers using RRLC-MS/MS, Sci Total Environ, 408, 3424, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.049

Yang, 2008, Growth-inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Environ Toxicol Chem, 27, 1201, 10.1897/07-471.1

Yang, 2011, Sorption and biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics by activated sludge: experimental assessment using batch data obtained under aerobic conditions, Water Res, 45, 3389, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.052

Yang, 2003, Evolution of antibiotic occurrence in a river through pristine, urban and agricultural landscapes, Water Res, 37, 4645, 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00399-3

Yin, 2012, The occurrence of synthetic musks in human breast milk in Sichuan, China, Chemosphere, 87, 1018, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.068

Yu, 2009, Removal of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by extended sludge age biological process, Chemosphere, 77, 175, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.049

Yu, 2011, Determination of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in sewage sludge by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal Bioanal Chem, 399, 891, 10.1007/s00216-010-4295-2

Yu, 2011, Occurrence and behavior of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, and endocrine-disrupting personal care products in wastewater and the recipient river water of the Pearl River Delta, South China, J Environ Monit, 13, 871, 10.1039/c0em00602e

Zeng, 2008, Distribution of polycyclic musks in surface sediments from the Pearl River Delta and Macao coastal region, South China, Environ Toxicol Chem, 27, 18, 10.1897/07-106.1

Zeng, 2007, Preliminary study on the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic musks in a wastewater treatment plant in Guangdong, China, Chemosphere, 69, 1305, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.029

Zha, 2008, Assessment of 17α-ethinylestradiol effects and underlying mechanisms in a continuous, multigeneration exposure of the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 226, 298, 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.006

Zhang, 2011, Diclofenac photodegradation under simulated sunlight: effect of different forms of nitrogen and kinetics, J Hazard Mater, 192, 411

Zhang, 2006, Antibiotic resistance as a global threat: evidence from China, Kuwait and the United States, Glob Health, 2, 6, 10.1186/1744-8603-2-6

Zhang, 2013, Antibiotics in the offshore waters of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea in China: occurrence, distribution and ecological risks, Environ Pollut, 174, 71, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.008

Zhang, 2012, Levels, spatial distribution and sources of selected antibiotics in the East River (Dongjiang), South China, Aquat Ecosyst Health, 15, 210, 10.1080/14634988.2012.689576

Zhang, 2012, Occurrence and risks of antibiotics in the Laizhou Bay, China: impacts of river discharge, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 80, 208, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.03.002

Zhang, 2009, Tetracycline resistance genes and tetracycline resistant lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in activated sludge of sewage treatment plants, Environ Sci Technol, 43, 3455, 10.1021/es803309m

Zhang, 2010, Estrogenic compounds and estrogenicity in surface water, sediments, and organisms from Yundang Lagoon in Xiamen, China, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 61, 93, 10.1007/s00244-010-9588-0

Zhang, 2012, Occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of estrogenic compounds and antibiotic residues in Jiulongjiang River, South China, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 19, 1392, 10.1007/s11356-012-0818-z

Zhang, 2011, Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China, J Environ Sci, 23, 983, 10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60506-2

Zhang, 2008, Synthetic musks in the aquatic environment and personal care products in Shanghai, China, Chemosphere, 72, 1553, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.039

Zhang, 2009, Antibiotic resistance genes in water environment, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 82, 397, 10.1007/s00253-008-1829-z

Zhang, 2011, Determination of benzotriazole and benzophenone UV filters in sediment and sewage sludge, Environ Sci Technol, 45, 3909, 10.1021/es2004057

Zhao, 2010, Occurrence and risks of triclosan and triclocarban in the Pearl River system, South China: from source to the receiving environment, J Hazard Mater, 179, 215, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.082

Zhao, 2010, Occurrence and a screening-level risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals in the Pearl River system, South China, Environ Toxicol Chem, 29, 1377, 10.1002/etc.161

Zhao, 2009, Determination of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and acidic pharmaceuticals in surface water of the Pearl Rivers in South China by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry, Sci Total Environ, 407, 962, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.09.048

Zhao, 2013, Evaluation of triclosan and triclocarban at river basin scale using monitoring and modeling tools: implications for controlling of urban domestic sewage discharge, Water Res, 47, 395, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.022

Zheng, 2012, Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Beibu Gulf, China: impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities, Mar Environ Res, 78, 26, 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.03.007

Zheng, 2007, The root causes of the abuse of antibiotics, harm and the rational use of the strategy, Hosp. Manag. Forum, 123, 23

Zhou, 2009, Distribution and elimination of polycyclic musks in three sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China, Mar Environ Res, 21, 561

Zhou, 2009, Behaviour of selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals in three sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China, Environ Monit Assess, 161, 107, 10.1007/s10661-008-0731-6

Zhou, 2010, Occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals and caffeine in sewage treatment plants and receiving rivers in Beijing, China, Water Environ Res, 82, 2239, 10.2175/106143010X12681059116653

Zhou, 2011, Trends in the occurrence of human and veterinary antibiotics in the sediments of the Yellow River, Hai River and Liao River in northern China, Environ Pollut, 159, 1877, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.034

Zhou, 2011, Distribution of estrogens along Licun River in Qingdao, China, Procedia Environ Sci, 10, 1876, 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.293

Zhou, 2011, A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) in aquatic environment of Yangtze River Delta, China, Environ Monit Assess, 173, 45, 10.1007/s10661-010-1369-8

Zhou, 2011, Occurrence and fate of steroid estrogens in the largest wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China, Environ Monit Assess, 184, 6799, 10.1007/s10661-011-2459-y

Zhou, 2011, Occurrences of six steroid estrogens from different effluents in Beijing, China, Environ Monit Assess, 184, 1719, 10.1007/s10661-011-2073-z

Zou, 2011, Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in coastal water of the Bohai Bay, China: impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities, Environ Pollut, 159, 2913, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.037