Persuasive or polarizing? The influence of entrepreneurs' use of ingratiation rhetoric on investor funding decisions

Journal of Business Venturing - Tập 36 - Trang 106120 - 2021
Paul Sanchez-Ruiz1, Matthew S. Wood2, Anna Long-Ruboyianes3
1Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Richard H. Driehaus College of Business, DePaul University, United States of America
2Hankamer School of Business, Baylor University, United States of America
3Jack H. Brown College of Business & Public Administration,California State University, San Bernardino, United States of America

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aiken, 1991 Allison, 2013, The effect of entrepreneurial rhetoric on microlending investment: an examination of the warm-glow effect, J. Bus. Ventur., 28, 690, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.003 Anderson, 2006, Knowing your place: self-perceptions of status in face-to-face groups, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 91, 1094, 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1094 Arkin, 1976, Effect of perceived choice, expected outcome, and observed outcome of an action on the causal attributions of actors, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 12, 151, 10.1016/0022-1031(76)90066-4 Bande, 2019, Salesperson coping with work-family conflict: the joint effects of ingratiation and self-promotion, J. Bus. Res., 95, 143, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.015 Baron, 2000, Beyond social capital: how social skills can enhance entrepreneurs’ success, Acad. Manag. Perspect., 14, 106, 10.5465/ame.2000.2909843 Baron, 2009, Entrepreneurs’ social skills and new venture performance: mediating mechanisms and cultural generality, J. Manag., 35, 282 Barrick, 2009, What you see may not be what you get: relationships among self-presentation tactics and ratings of interview and job performance, J. Appl. Psychol., 94, 1394, 10.1037/a0016532 Bass, 1995 Baum, 2006 Becker-Blease, 2015, New venture legitimacy: the conditions for angel investors, Small Bus. Econ., 45, 735, 10.1007/s11187-015-9668-7 Benjamin, 1999, Status, quality, and social order in the California wine industry, Adm. Sci. Q., 44, 563, 10.2307/2666962 Bentler, 1990, Comparative fit indexes in structural models, Psychol. Bull., 107, 238, 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 Berson, 2007, The relationship between self—other rating agreement and influence tactics and organizational processes, Group & Organization Management, 32, 675, 10.1177/1059601106288068 Bhuian, 2005, Just entrepreneurial enough: the moderating effect of entrepreneurship on the relationship between market orientation and performance, J. Bus. Res., 58, 9, 10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00074-2 Blackburn, 1981, Lower participant power: toward a conceptual integration, Acad. Manag. Rev., 6, 127, 10.2307/257146 Blau, 1964 Bliese, 2000, Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis Bohra, 1984, Ingratiation toward strangers, friends, and bosses, J. Soc. Psychol., 122, 217, 10.1080/00224545.1984.9713483 Bolino, 1999, Citizenship and impression management: good soldiers or good actors?, Acad. Manag. Rev., 24, 82, 10.2307/259038 Bolino, 1999, Measuring impression management in organizations: a scale development based on the Jones and Pittman taxonomy, Organ. Res. Methods, 2, 187, 10.1177/109442819922005 Bolino, 2008, A multi-level review of impression management motives and behaviors, J. Manag., 34, 1080 Bolino, 2016, Impression management in organizations: critical questions, answers, and areas for future research, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 377, 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062337 Bonini, 2019, The performance of angel-backed companies, J. Bank. Financ., 100, 328, 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.12.006 Brodsky, 2006, Ingratiation in the courtroom and in the voir dire process: when more is not better, Law & Psychology Review, 30, 103 Brown, 1971, The effects of incompetency, audience acquaintanceship, and anticipated evaluative feedback on face-saving behavior, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 7, 490, 10.1016/0022-1031(71)90011-4 Brown, 2006, Socialized charismatic leadership, values congruence, and deviance in work groups, J. Appl. Psychol., 91, 954, 10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.954 Brush, 2012, Ready for funding? Entrepreneurial ventures and the pursuit of angel financing, Ventur. Cap., 14, 111, 10.1080/13691066.2012.654604 Campbell, 1957, Factors relevant to validity of experiments in social settings, Psychol. Bull., 54, 12 Campbell, 1967 Cardon, 2008, Is passion contagious? The transference of entrepreneurial passion to employees, Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev., 18, 77 Cardon, 2017, Motivational cues and angel investing: interactions among enthusiasm, preparedness, and commitment, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41, 1057, 10.1111/etap.12255 Carver, 1980, Field-study evidence of an ego-defensive bias in attribution among two categories of observers, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull., 6, 44, 10.1177/014616728061006 Castro, 2003, The effects-of positive affect and gender on the influence tactics-job performance relationship, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10, 1, 10.1177/107179190301000101 Chandler, 2011, Causation and effectuation processes: a validation study, J. Bus. Ventur., 26, 375, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.10.006 Chattopadhyay, 2004, Identifying the ingroup: a closer look at the influence of demographic dissimilarity on employee social identity, Acad. Manag. Rev., 29, 180, 10.2307/20159028 Chen, 2009, Entrepreneur passion and preparedness in business plan presentations: a persuasion analysis of venture capitalists’ funding decisions, Acad. Manag. J., 52, 199, 10.5465/amj.2009.36462018 Cheng, 2013, Two ways to the top: evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 104, 103, 10.1037/a0030398 Christie, 1970 Cialdini, 2016 Cialdini, 2004, Social influence: compliance and conformity, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 55, 591, 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015 Cipollone, 2019, Entrepreneurs meet financiers: evidence from the business angel market, J. Bus. Ventur., 34, 105913, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.11.003 Ciuchta, 2018, Betting on the coachable entrepreneur: Signaling and social exchange in entrepreneurial pitches, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42, 860, 10.1177/1042258717725520 Clarke, 2019, Actions speak louder than words: how figurative language and gesturing in entrepreneurial pitches influences investment judgments, Acad. Manag. J., 62, 335, 10.5465/amj.2016.1008 Cole, 2019, A model of competitive impression management: Edison versus Westinghouse in the war of the currents, Adm. Sci. Q., 64, 1020, 10.1177/0001839218821439 Colombo, 2020, The use of signals in new-venture financing: a review and research agenda, J. Manag., 0149206320911090 Combs, 2010, Big samples and small effects: Let’s not trade relevance and rigor for power, Acad. Manag. J., 53, 9, 10.5465/amj.2010.48036305 Conger, 1987, Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings, Acad. Manag. Rev., 12, 637, 10.2307/258069 Cooper, 2005, Just joking around? Employee humor expression as an ingratiatory behavior, Acad. Manag. Rev., 30, 765, 10.5465/amr.2005.18378877 Cottle, 2020, The temptation of exaggeration: exploring the line between preparedness and misrepresentation in entrepreneurial pitches, J. Bus. Ventur. Insights, 14, 10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00190 Daft, 1986, Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design, Manag. Sci., 32, 554, 10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554 Davis, 2017, Funders’ positive affective reactions to entrepreneurs’ crowdfunding pitches: the influence of perceived product creativity and entrepreneurial passion, J. Bus. Ventur., 32, 90, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.006 De Roos, 2010, Decision making under risk in Deal or no Deal, J. Appl. Econ., 25, 987, 10.1002/jae.1110 Deci, 1975 Deci, 2000, The“ what” and“ why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior, Psychol. Inq., 11, 227, 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01 Dennis, 1998, Testing media richness theory in the new media: the effects of cues, feedback, and task equivocality, Inf. Syst. Res., 9, 256, 10.1287/isre.9.3.256 van Dijk, T. A. (2011). Discourse and communication: New approaches to the analysis of mass media discourse and communication (Vol. 10). Walter de Gruyter. Drover, 2014, Take the money or run? Investors’ ethical reputation and entrepreneurs’ willingness to partner, J. Bus. Ventur., 29, 723, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.08.004 Drover, 2017, A review and road map of entrepreneurial equity financing research: venture capital, corporate venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, and accelerators, J. Manag., 43, 1820 Drover, 2018, Toward a cognitive view of signalling theory: individual attention and signal set interpretation, J. Manag. Stud., 55, 209, 10.1111/joms.12282 Eastman, 1994, In the eyes of the beholder: an attributional approach to ingratiation and organizational citizenship behavior, Acad. Manag. J., 37, 1379, 10.2307/256678 Ebben, 2005, Efficiency, flexibility, or both? Evidence linking strategy to performance in small firms, Strateg. Manag. J., 26, 1249, 10.1002/smj.503 Elitzur, R., & Gavious, A. (2003). Contracting, signaling, and moral hazard: a model of entrepreneurs,’ angels,’ and venture capitalists. J. Bus. Ventur., 18(6), 709–725. Ellis, 2002, The use of impression management tactics in structured interviews: a function of question type?, J. Appl. Psychol., 87, 1200, 10.1037/0021-9010.87.6.1200 Ellwart, 2011, Formative versus reflective measurement: an illustration using work–family balance, The Journal of Psychology, 145, 391, 10.1080/00223980.2011.580388 Eylon, 2008, Flattery, Philos. Phenomenol. Res., 77, 685, 10.1111/j.1933-1592.2008.00215.x Ferris, 2007, Political skill in organizations, J. Manag., 33, 290 Field, 2013 Fiske, 2008 Fiske, 2007, Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence, Trends Cogn. Sci., 11, 77, 10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005 Fiss, 2007, A set-theoretic approach to organizational configurations, Acad. Manag. Rev., 32, 1180, 10.5465/amr.2007.26586092 Fiss, 2011, Building better causal theories: a fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research, Acad. Manag. J., 54, 393, 10.5465/amj.2011.60263120 Foulk, 2016, Impressed by impression management: newcomer reactions to ingratiated supervisors, J. Appl. Psychol., 101, 1487, 10.1037/apl0000146 Galvin, 2010, Visionary communication qualities as mediators of the relationship between narcissism and attributions of leader charisma, Pers. Psychol., 63, 509, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01179.x Gardner, 1998, The charismatic relationship: a dramaturgical perspective, Acad. Manag. Rev., 23, 32, 10.2307/259098 Giacalone, 1985, On slipping when you thought you had put your best foot forward: self-promotion, self-destruction, and entitlements, Group & Organization Studies, 10, 61, 10.1177/105960118501000104 Gordon, 1996, Impact of ingratiation on judgments and evaluations: a meta-analytic investigation, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 71, 54, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.54 Greenwald, 1995, Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, Psychol. Rev., 102, 4, 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4 Groysberg, 2011, Too many cooks spoil the broth: how high-status individuals decrease group effectiveness, Organ. Sci., 22, 722, 10.1287/orsc.1100.0547 Harrison, 1997, The role of trust in the informal investor’s investment decision: an exploratory analysis, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21, 63, 10.1177/104225879702100405 Harter, 2010, Causal impact of employee work perceptions on the bottom line of organizations, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 5, 378, 10.1177/1745691610374589 Hartley, R., Lanot, G., & Walker, I. (2006). Who really wants to be a millionaire? Estimates of risk aversion from gameshow data. Keele economics research paper 2006/07. Harvey, 2007, Coping with abusive supervision: the neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes, Leadersh. Q., 18, 264, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.008 Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1990). Generalized additive models (Vol. 43). CRC press. Heckman, 1979, 153 Hekman, 2017, Does diversity-valuing behavior result in diminished performance ratings for non-white and female leaders?, Acad. Manag. J., 60, 771, 10.5465/amj.2014.0538 Higgins, 2003, Influence tactics and work outcomes: a meta-analysis, Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 24, 89, 10.1002/job.181 Hill, 2010, Risk and relative social rank: positional concerns and risky shifts in probabilistic decision-making, Evol. Hum. Behav., 31, 219, 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.01.002 Hsu, 2014, What matters, matters differently: a conjoint analysis of the decision policies of angel and venture capital investors, Ventur. Cap., 16, 1, 10.1080/13691066.2013.825527 Huang, 2018, The role of investor gut feel in managing complexity and extreme risk, Acad. Manag. J., 61, 1821, 10.5465/amj.2016.1009 Huang, 2017, Resources and relationships in entrepreneurship: an exchange theory of the development and effects of the entrepreneur-investor relationship, Acad. Manag. Rev., 42, 80, 10.5465/amr.2014.0397 Huang, 2015, Managing the unknowable: the effectiveness of early-stage investor gut feel in entrepreneurial investment decisions, Adm. Sci. Q., 60, 634, 10.1177/0001839215597270 Huang, L., Joshi, P., Wakslak, C., & Wu, A. (2020). Sizing up entrepreneurial potential: gender differences in communication and investor perceptions of Long-term growth and scalability. Academy of Management Journal, doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.1417. Jacks, 2015, Fit for persuasion: the effects of nonverbal delivery style, message framing, and gender on message effectiveness, J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 45, 203, 10.1111/jasp.12288 Jarvis, 2003, A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research, J. Consum. Res., 30, 199, 10.1086/376806 Jiang, 2019, Can joy buy you money? The impact of the strength, duration, and phases of an entrepreneur’s peak displayed joy on funding performance, Acad. Manag. J., 62, 1848, 10.5465/amj.2017.1423 Johnson, 2002 Johnson, 2002, Liking and attributions of motives as mediators of the relationships between individuals’ reputations, helpful behaviors and raters’ reward decisions, J. Appl. Psychol., 87, 808, 10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.808 Jones, 1964 Jones, 1982, Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation, 231 Jones, 1973 Jones, 1963, Tactics of ingratiation among leaders and subordinates in a status hierarchy, Psychol. Monogr. Gen. Appl., 77, 1, 10.1037/h0093832 Jones, 1981, Effects of strategic self-presentation on subsequent self-esteem, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 41, 407, 10.1037/0022-3514.41.3.407 Judge, 1993, Social context of performance evaluation decisions, Acad. Manag. J., 36, 80, 10.2307/256513 Kahneman, 2012 Kakkar, 2020, Fall from grace: the role of dominance and prestige in the punishment of high-status actors, Acad. Manag. J., 63, 530, 10.5465/amj.2017.0729 Kanze, 2018, We ask men to win and women not to lose: closing the gender gap in startup funding, Acad. Manag. J., 61, 586, 10.5465/amj.2016.1215 Kapust, 2011, The problem of flattery and Hobbes’s institutional Defense of monarchy, J. Polit., 73, 680, 10.1017/S0022381611000387 Kapust, 2018 Keeves, 2017, Those closest wield the sharpest knife: how ingratiation leads to resentment and social undermining of the CEO, Adm. Sci. Q., 62, 484, 10.1177/0001839216686053 Kennedy, 2008 Kerr, 2014, The consequences of entrepreneurial finance: evidence from angel financings, Rev. Financ. Stud., 27, 20, 10.1093/rfs/hhr098 Ko, 2018, Signaling for more money: the roles of founders’ human capital and investor prominence in resource acquisition across different stages of firm development, J. Bus. Ventur., 33, 438, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.03.001 Koopman, 2015, Ingratiation and popularity as antecedents of justice: a social exchange and social capital perspective, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., 131, 132, 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.09.001 Kowalski, 1990, Strategic self-presentation and the avoidance of aversive events: antecedents and consequences of self-enhancement and self-deprecation, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 26, 322, 10.1016/0022-1031(90)90042-K Kumar, 1991, Construction and validation of an instrument for measuring ingratiatory behaviors in organizational settings, J. Appl. Psychol., 76, 619, 10.1037/0021-9010.76.5.619 Lahti, 2011, Categorization of angel investments: an explorative analysis of risk reduction strategies in Finland, Ventur. Cap., 13, 49, 10.1080/13691066.2010.543322 Law, 1998, Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs, Acad. Manag. Rev., 23, 741, 10.2307/259060 Lawler, 1983, Satisfaction and behavior, Motivation and Work Behavior, 332, 345 Leary, 2007, Motivational and emotional aspects of the self, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 317, 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085658 Levitt, 2004, Testing theories of discrimination: evidence from weakest link, J. Law Econ., 47, 431, 10.1086/425591 Lewis, 2003, Hiring you makes me look bad: social-identity based reversals of the ingroup favoritism effect, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process., 90, 262, 10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00538-1 Liu, 2014, When ingratiation backfires: the role of political skill in the ingratiation–internship performance relationship, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13, 569, 10.5465/amle.2012.0399 Locke, 1969, What is job satisfaction?, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4, 309, 10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0 Long, 2019, Tacticality, authenticity, or both? The Ethical paradox of actor ingratiation and target trust reactions, Journal of Business Ethics, 1 Lounsbury, 2001, Cultural entrepreneurship: stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources, Strateg. Manag. J., 22, 545, 10.1002/smj.188 MacMillan, 1985, Criteria used by venture capitalists to evaluate new venture proposals, J. Bus. Ventur., 1, 119, 10.1016/0883-9026(85)90011-4 Magee, 2008, 8 social hierarchy: the self-reinforcing nature of power and status, Acad. Manag. Ann., 2, 351, 10.5465/19416520802211628 Malmström, 2020, How women can improve their venture pitch outcomes, MIT Sloan Manag. Rev., 61, 1 Martens, 2007, Do the stories they tell get them the money they need? The role of entrepreneurial narratives in resource acquisition, Acad. Manag. J., 50, 1107, 10.5465/amj.2007.27169488 Mason, 2004, What do investors look for in a business plan? A comparison of the investment criteria of bankers, venture capitalists and business angels, Int. Small Bus. J., 22, 227, 10.1177/0266242604042377 Maxwell, 2014, Trustworthiness: a critical ingredient for entrepreneurs seeking investors, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38, 1057, 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00475.x Maxwell, 2011, Business angel early-stage decision making, J. Bus. Ventur., 26, 212, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.002 McCullagh, 1984, On the elimination of nuisance parameters in the proportional odds model, J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol., 46, 250 McFarland, 2005, An examination of impression management use and effectiveness across assessment center exercises: the role of competency demands, Pers. Psychol., 58, 949, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00374.x Metrick, 1995, A natural experiment in“ jeopardy!”, Am. Econ. Rev., 240 Meuleman, 2017, Venturing into the unknown with strangers: substitutes of relational embeddedness in cross-border partner selection in venture capital syndicates, J. Bus. Ventur., 32, 131, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.01.001 Meyer, 1993, Configurational approaches to organizational analysis, Acad. Manag. J., 36, 1175, 10.2307/256809 Meyer, 2014, Selecting null distributions when calculating rwg: a tutorial and review, Organ. Res. Methods, 17, 324, 10.1177/1094428114526927 Mitteness, 2012, Angel investor characteristics that determine whether perceived passion leads to higher evaluations of funding potential, J. Bus. Ventur., 27, 592, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.11.003 Montoya, 2004, On the importance of cognitive evaluation as a determinant of interpersonal attraction, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 86, 696, 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.696 Montoya, 2018, A meta-analytic investigation of the relation between interpersonal attraction and enacted behavior, Psychol. Bull., 144, 673, 10.1037/bul0000148 Morrissette, 2007, A profile of angel investors, The Journal of Private Equity, 10, 52, 10.3905/jpe.2007.686430 Murray, 2005 Nagy, 2012, The influence of entrepreneurs’ credentials and impression management behaviors on perceptions of new venture legitimacy, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 941, 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00539.x Navis, 2011, Legitimate distinctiveness and the entrepreneurial identity: influence on investor judgments of new venture plausibility, Acad. Manag. Rev., 36, 479 Nowacki, 2017, The tendency towards ingratiation in convicts, Resocjalizacja Polska, 13, 119 Nunnally, 1978 Olszewska-Kondratowicz, 1974, Ingratiation, or behavior oriented toward enhancing one's own attractiveness, Psychologia Wychowawcza, 17, 617 Oltmanns, 2004, Perceptions of people with personality disorders based on thin slices of behavior, J. Res. Pers., 38, 216, 10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00066-7 Parhankangas, 2014, How entrepreneurs seduce business angels: an impression management approach, J. Bus. Ventur., 29, 543, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.08.001 Park, 2011, Set up for a fall: the insidious effects of flattery and opinion conformity toward corporate leaders, Adm. Sci. Q., 56, 257, 10.1177/0001839211429102 Paul, 2010, Business angel syndicates: an exploratory study of gatekeepers, Ventur. Cap., 12, 241, 10.1080/13691061003711438 Payne, 2006, Examining configurations and firm performance in a suboptimal equifinality context, Organ. Sci., 17, 756, 10.1287/orsc.1060.0203 Peck, 2018, Acting with the best of intentions… or not: a typology and model of impression management in leadership, Leadersh. Q., 29, 123, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.10.001 Pettit, 2013, Rising stars and sinking ships: consequences of status momentum, Psychol. Sci., 24, 1579, 10.1177/0956797612473120 Petty, 2008, Persuasion: From single to multiple to metacognitive processes, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., 3, 137, 10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00071.x Pollack, 2012, Preparedness and cognitive legitimacy as antecedents of new venture funding in televised business pitches, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36, 915, 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00531.x Porfeli, 2012, A multidimensional measure of work valences, J. Vocat. Behav., 80, 340, 10.1016/j.jvb.2011.09.004 Post, 2008, Deal or no deal? Decision making under risk in a large-payoff game show, Am. Econ. Rev., 98, 38, 10.1257/aer.98.1.38 Price, 2020 Ragin, C. C. (2008). What is qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). In Symposium conducted at the meeting of the 3rd ESRC Research Methods Festival. Retrieved May (Vol. 5, p. 2010). Ragin, C., Drass, K., & Davey, S. (2007). Fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis 2.0. Tucson, Arizona. Ralston, 1985, Employee ingratiation: the role of management, Acad. Manag. Rev., 10, 477, 10.2307/258129 Ramadani, 2009, Business angels: who they really are, Strategic Change: Briefings in Entrepreneurial Finance, 18, 249, 10.1002/jsc.852 Reis, 2011, Familiarity does indeed promote attraction in live interaction, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 101, 557, 10.1037/a0022885 Ridgeway, 2000, Creating and spreading status beliefs, Am. J. Sociol., 106, 579, 10.1086/318966 Robin, 2012 Sacco, 2018, Making of an in-joke: humor appreciation as an ingratiation strategy following ostracism, Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4, 202, 10.1007/s40806-017-0129-1 Sapienza, 1996, Procedural justice in entrepreneur-investor relations, Acad. Manag. J., 39, 544, 10.2307/256655 Scarpello, 1983, Job satisfaction: are all the parts there?, Pers. Psychol., 36, 577, 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1983.tb02236.x Scheaf, 2020, Measuring opportunity evaluation: conceptual synthesis and scale development, J. Bus. Ventur., 35, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.04.003 Schüler, 2010, Implicit need for achievement moderates the relationship between competence need satisfaction and subsequent motivation, J. Res. Pers., 44, 1, 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.09.002 Schütz, 1998, Assertive, offensive, protective, and defensive styles of self-presentation: a taxonomy, The Journal of Psychology, 132, 611, 10.1080/00223989809599293 Scott, 2007, Justice as a dependent variable: subordinate charisma as a predictor of interpersonal and informational justice perceptions, J. Appl. Psychol., 92, 1597, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1597 Sedikides, 2007 Segrest, 2020, Leapfrogging at work: influencing higher levels in the chain of command, Pers. Rev., 49, 1769, 10.1108/PR-07-2019-0382 Semadeni, 2014, The perils of endogeneity and instrumental variables in strategy research: understanding through simulations, Strateg. Manag. J., 35, 1070, 10.1002/smj.2136 Shane, 2008 Shane, 2002, Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures, Manag. Sci., 48, 364, 10.1287/mnsc.48.3.364.7731 Shane, 2020, Founder passion, neural engagement and informal investor interest in startup pitches: an fMRI study, J. Bus. Ventur., 35, 105949, 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105949 Sheldon, 2008, Manipulating autonomy, competence, and relatedness support in a game-learning context: new evidence that all three needs matter, Br. J. Soc. Psychol., 47, 267, 10.1348/014466607X238797 Shepherd, 2011, Venture failure, stigma, and impression management: a self-verification, self-determination view, Strateg. Entrep. J., 5, 178, 10.1002/sej.113 Shi, 2019, Examination of CEO–CFO social interaction through language style matching: outcomes for the CFO and the organization, Acad. Manag. J., 62, 383, 10.5465/amj.2016.1062 Simsek, 2009, The role of an entrepreneurially alert information system in promoting corporate entrepreneurship, J. Bus. Res., 62, 810, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.03.002 Smith, 2018, Bite me! ABC’s shark tank as a path to entrepreneurship, Small Bus. Econ., 50, 463, 10.1007/s11187-017-9880-8 Sohl, 2003, The US angel and venture capital market: recent trends and developments, The Journal of Private Equity, 6, 7, 10.3905/jpe.2003.320035 Sosik, 2002, Beneath the mask: examining the relationship of self-presentation attributes and impression management to charismatic leadership, Leadersh. Q., 13, 217, 10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00102-9 Stengel, 2002 Stern, 2010, Stealthy footsteps to the boardroom: Executives’ backgrounds, sophisticated interpersonal influence behavior, and board appointments, Adm. Sci. Q., 55, 278, 10.2189/asqu.2010.55.2.278 Stires, 1969, Modesty versus self-enhancement as alternative forms of ingratiation, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 5, 172, 10.1016/0022-1031(69)90045-6 Strutton, 1995, Sex differences in ingratiatory behavior: an investigation of influence tactics in the salesperson-customer dyad, J. Bus. Res., 34, 35, 10.1016/0148-2963(94)00040-L Sudek, 2006, Angel investment criteria, J. Small Bus. Strateg., 17, 89 Swann, 1983, Self-verification: bringing social reality into harmony with the self, Soc. Psychol. Perpect. Self, 2, 33 Swann, 1981, Self-verification processes: how we sustain our self-conceptions, J. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 17, 351, 10.1016/0022-1031(81)90043-3 Tedeschi, 1984, Impression management and influence in the organization, 31 Tesser, 1985 Thacker, 1995, An examination of the relationship between upward influence tactics and assessments of promotability, J. Manag., 21, 739 Treadway, 2007, The moderating role of subordinate political skill on supervisors’ impressions of subordinate ingratiation and ratings of subordinate interpersonal facilitation, J. Appl. Psychol., 92, 848, 10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.848 Tsang, 2015, Ingratiation, attractiveness, and interpretational relation of youths, Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1, 10.12691/rpbs-3-1-1 Van Osnabrugge, 2000 Van Werven, 2019, Pitching a business idea to investors: how new venture founders use micro-level rhetoric to achieve narrative plausibility and resonance, Int. Small Bus. J., 37, 193, 10.1177/0266242618818249 Varma, 2006, Ingratiation in job applications: impact on selection decisions, J. Manag. Psychol., 21, 200, 10.1108/02683940610659551 Vonk, 2002, Self-serving interpretations of flattery: why ingratiation works, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 82, 515, 10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.515 Vonk, 2009, Ingratiation Wang, 2020, Lab to life: impression management effectiveness and behaviors, Soc. Influ., 1 Wayne, 1990, Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: a laboratory experiment and field study, J. Appl. Psychol., 75, 487, 10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.487 Weinert, 1999 Westphal, 2006, The other pathway to the boardroom: interpersonal influence behavior as a substitute for elite credentials and majority status in obtaining board appointments, Adm. Sci. Q., 51, 169, 10.2189/asqu.51.2.169 Westphal, 2007, Flattery will get you everywhere (especially if you are a male Caucasian): how ingratiation, boardroom behavior, and demographic minority status affect additional board appointments at US companies, Acad. Manag. J., 50, 267, 10.5465/amj.2007.24634434 Wheadon, 2019, The gendering of entrepreneurship on reality television, J. Small Bus. Manag., 57, 1676, 10.1111/jsbm.12443 Wicklund, 1981, Symbolic self-completion, attempted influence, and self-deprecation, Basic Appl. Soc. Psychol., 2, 89, 10.1207/s15324834basp0202_2 Wilson, 2001, From chump to champ: people’s appraisals of their earlier and present selves, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 80, 572, 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.572 Wood, 2020, Angel investor network pitch meetings: the pull and push of peer opinion, Business Horizons, 63, 507, 10.1016/j.bushor.2020.03.008 Wortman, 2017 Wortman, 1977, Interpersonal attraction and techniques of ingratiation in organizational settings, 133 Yagil, 1998, Charismatic leadership and organizational hierarchy: attribution of charisma to close and distant leaders, Leadersh. Q., 9, 161, 10.1016/S1048-9843(98)90003-0 Yan, 2020, How ingratiation links to counterproductive work Behaviors: the roles of emotional exhaustion and power distance orientation, Front. Psychol., 11, 2238, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02238 Yi, 2019 Zhao, 2011, Internship: a recruitment and selection perspective, J. Appl. Psychol., 96, 221, 10.1037/a0021295 Zimmerman, 2002, Beyond survival: achieving new venture growth by building legitimacy, Acad. Manag. Rev., 27, 414, 10.2307/4134387