Persuasion Criteria in Research and Practice: Gathering More Meaningful Psychotherapy Data
Tóm tắt
Psychotherapy research should ultimately benefit the psychotherapy client. Unfortunately, traditional psychotherapy research continues to have little influence on practicing clinicians and, therefore, does not benefit psychotherapy clients. As behavior analysts begin to show interest in this area of research, they may be in a position to improve its quality. We argue that traditional psychotherapy researchers have become prematurely wedded to a methodology that does not address the concerns of clinical audiences. Furthermore, we make a case for defining and evaluating psychotherapy data in terms of its capacity to influence both researchers and clinicians. We also suggest several alternative methods for gathering psychotherapy data based on the case formulation approach. We argue that this approach may be one of the most promising methods for gathering useful psychotherapy data.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barlow, D. H. (1981). On the relation of clinical research to clinical practice: Current issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 147–155.
Barlow, D. H., Hayes, S. C., & Nelson, R. O. (1984). The scientist practitioner: Research and accountability in clinical and educational settings. New York: Pergamon.
Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 97–126.
Blackburn, I. M., & Bishop, S. (1983). Changes in cognition with pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 609–617.
Brewin, C. R. (1985). Depression and causal attributions: What is their relation? Psychological Bulletin, 98, 297–309.
Cohen, L. H., Sargent, M. M., & Sechrest, L. B. (1986). Use of psychotherapy research by professional psychologists. American Psychologist, 41, 198–206.
Collins, W. D., & Messer, S. B. (1991). Extending the plan formulation method to an object relations perspective: Reliability, stability, and adaptability. Psychological Assessment, 3, 75–81.
Crits-Christoph, P., Luborsky, L., Dahl, L., Popp, C., Mellon, J., & Mark, D. (1988). Clinicians can agree in assessing relationship patterns in psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1001–1004.
Curtis, J. T., Silberschatz, G., Sampson, H., Weiss, J., & Rosenberg, S. E. (1988). Developing reliable psychodynamic case formulations: An illustration of the plan diagnosis method. Psychotherapy, 25, 256–265.
Elliott, R. (1983). “That in your hands”: A comprehensive process analysis of a significant event in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 46, 113–129.
Evans, M. D., Hollon, S. D., DeRubeis, R. J., Piasecki, J., Grove, W. M., Garvey, M. J., & Tuason, V. B. (1991). Differential relapse following cognitive therapy, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-pharmacotherapy for depression. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Friedman, R. S., & Lister, P. (1987). The current status of psychodynamic formulation. Psychiatry, 50, 126–141.
Greenberg, L. S. (1986). Change process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 4–9.
Hayes, S. C., Nelson, R. O., & Jarrett, R. B. (1987). The treatment utility of assessment: A functional approach to evaluating assessment quality. American Psychologist, 42, 963–974.
Hersen, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1976). Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York: Pergamon.
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Ureno, G., Kalehzan, B. M., & O’Halloran, P. (1989). Psychodynamic formulation, consensual response method, and interpersonal problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 599–606.
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19.
Kazdin, A. E. (1992). Research design in clinical psychology. New York: Macmillan.
Koerner, K. (1993). The case for case formulation: Reliability and validity of cognitive-behavioral case formulation. Manuscript in preparation.
Kohlenberg, R. J., & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy: Creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. New York: Plenum.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Labov, W., & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic discourse. New York: Academic Press.
Lakatos, I. (1970). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 91–195). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahrer, A. R. (1988). Discovery-oriented psychotherapy research: Rationale, aims and methods. American Psychologist, 43, 694–702.
Messer, S. B. (1991). The case formulation approach: Issues of reliability and validity. American Psychologist, 46, 1348–1350.
Miranda, J., & Persons, J. B. (1988). Dysfunctional attitudes are mood-state dependent. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 76–79.
Muran, J. C., & Segal, Z. V. (1990, November). Self scenarios: The development of an idiographic measure of personal schemas. Paper presented at the meetings of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Francisco, CA.
Persons, J. B. (1989). Cognitive therapy in practice: A case formulation approach. New York: Norton.
Persons, J. B. (1991). Psychotherapy outcome studies do not accurately represent current models of psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 46, 99–106.
Persons, J. B., Curtis, J. T., & Silberschatz, G. (1991). Psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral formulations of a single case. Psychotherapy, 28, 608–617.
Phillips, J. P. N. (1986). Shapiro Personal Questionnaire and generalized personal questionnaire techniques: A repeated measures individualized outcome measurement. In L. S. Greenberg & W. M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 557–589). New York: Guilford.
Rice, L. N., Koke, C. J., Greenberg, L. S., & Wagstaff, A. K. (1979a). Manual for client vocal quality: Vol. I. Information for the investigator. Toronto: York University Press.
Rice, L. N., Koke, C. J., Greenberg, L. S., & Wagstaff, A. K. (1979b). Manual for client vocal quality: Vol. II. Instructions for raters. Toronto: York University Press.
Rice, L. N., & Wagstaff, A. K. (1967). Client voice quality and expressive style as indexes of productive psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 557–563.
Rush, A. J., Kovacs, M., Beck, A. T., Weissenburger, J., & Hollon, A. D. (1982). Comparison of the effects of cognitive therapy on hopelessness and self-concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 862–866.
Safran, J. D., Greenberg, L. S., & Rice, L. N. (1988). Integrating psychotherapy research and practice: Modeling the change process. Psychotherapy, 25, 1–17.
Schacht, T. E. (1991). Formulation-based psychotherapy research: Some further considerations. American Psychologist, 46, 1346–1347.
Silberschatz, G., Curtis, J. T., & Nathans, S. (1989). Using the patient’s plan to assess progress in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 26, 40–46.
Silberschatz, G., Fretter, P. B., & Curtis, J. T. (1986). How do interpretations influence the process of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 646–652.
Simons, A. D., Garfield, S. L., & Murphy, G. E. (1984). The process of change in cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 45–51.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: The Free Press.
Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., & Elliott, R. (1986). “Are all psychotherapies equivalent?” American Psychologist, 41, 165–180.
Turkat, I. D. (Ed.). (1985). Behavioral case formulation. New York: Plenum.
Turkat, I. D. (1988). Issues in the relationship between assessment and treatment. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 10, 185–196.
Turkat, I. D., & Maisto, S. A. (1985). Personality disorders: Application of the experimental method to the formulation and modification of personality disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (pp. 502–570). New York: Guilford.