Personal, relational and school factors associated with involvement in fights with weapons among school-age youth in Brazil: a multilevel ecological approach
Tóm tắt
To investigate the association between personal, relational and school factors with involvement in fights with weapon among Brazilian school-age youth. Using data from the Adolescent School-Based Health Survey 2015 (n = 102.072), we conducted multilevel logistic regression models. IFW was associated with female sex (OR = 0.45), and with older age (OR = 1.15), previous involvement in physical violence (OR = 2.05), history of peer verbal (OR = 1.14) and domestic victimization (OR = 2.11), alcohol use (OR = 2.42) and drug use (OR = 3.23). The relational variables (e.g., parent’s supervision) were mostly negatively associated with IFW. At the school level, attending public school and attending schools in violent surroundings were both positively associated with IFW. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimated in the empty model showed that 5.77% of the variance of IFW was at school level. When all individual- and school-level variables were included in the model, the proportional changes in variance were 61.7 and 71.55%, respectively. IFW is associated with personal, relational and school factors. Part of the variance in IFW by school is explained by characteristics of the school context.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akers RL (2000) Criminological theories: introduction, evaluation, and application, 3rd edn. Roxbury Publishing Co, Los Angeles
Azeredo CM, de Rezende LF, Canella DS, Moreira Claro R, de Castro IR, Luiz O do C et al (2015) Dietary intake of Brazilian adolescents. Public Health Nutr 18:1215–1224. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014001463
Blum RW, Beuhring T, Shew ML, Bearinger LH, Sieving RE, Resnick MD (2000) The effects of race/ethnicity, income, and family structure on adolescent risk behaviors. Am J Public Health 90:1879–1884. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.90.12.1879
Bradshaw CP (2013) Preventing bullying through positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS): a multitiered approach to prevention and integration. Theor Pract 52:288–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.829732
Brook DW, Brook JS, Rosen Z et al (2003) Early risk factors for violence in colombian adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 160:1470–1478. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1470
Brookmeyer KA, Fanti KA, Henrich CC (2006) Schools, parents, and youth violence: a multilevel, ecological analysis. J Clin Child Adolesc 35:504–514. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3504_2
Brown DW, Riley L, Butchart A, Meddings DR, Kann L, Harvey AP (2009) Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the Global School-based Student Health Survey. B World Health Organ 87:447–455. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.047423
Carnochan J, Butchart A, Feucht T, Mikton C, Shepherd J (2011) Violence prevention: an invitation to intersectoral action. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/violenceprevention/about/intersectoral_action.pdf. Accessed 10 April 2018
Cressey DR (1960) Epidemiology and individual conduct: a case from criminology. Pac Sociol Rev 3:47–58
Datasus. Sistema de Informacao sobre Mortalidade (database on the Internet) (2012) http://www2.datasus.gov.br/DATASUS/index.php. Accessed 17 Septe 2015
Embry DD, Flannery DJ, Vazsonyi AT, Powell KP, Atha H (1996) Peacebuilders: a theoretically driven, school-based model for early violence prevention. Am J Prev Med 12:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30241-1
Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J (2013) Neighborhood, family and individual influences on school physical victimization. J Youth Adolesc 42:1596–1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9890-4
Gottfredson M, Hirschi T (1990) A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Grasmick HG, Bursik RJ (1990) Conscience, significant others and rational choice: extending the deterrence model. Law Soc Rev 24:837–862. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053861
Hahn R, Fuqua-Whitley D, Wethington H, Lowy J, Crosby A, Fullilove M et al (2007) Effectiveness of universal school-based programs to prevent violent and aggressive behavior: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 33:S114–S129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.012
Brener ND, Kann L, Shanklin S, Kinchen S, Eaton DK, Hawkins J et al (2013) Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system–2013. MMWR recommendations and reports/centers for disease control. 62(Rr-1):1–20
Henrich CC, Brookmeyer KA, Shahar G (2005) Weapon violence in adolescence: parent and school connectedness as protective factors. J Adolesc Health 37:306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.022
IBGE (2016) Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa nacional de Saude do Escolar 2015. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro
Johnson SL (2009) Improving the school environment to reduce school violence: a review of the literature. J Sch Health 79:451–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00435.x
Kellermann AL, Fuqua-Whitley DS, Rivara FP, Mercy J (1998) Preventing youth violence: what works? Annu Rev Public Health 19:271–292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.271
Krug G, Dahlberg LL, Mercy J, Zwi AB, Lozano R (2002) World report on violence and health. World Health Organization, Geneva
Malta DC, Souza ER, Silva MMA et al (2010) Vivência de violência entre escolares brasileiros: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). Cienc Saude Coletiva 15:3053–3063. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232010000800010
Malta DC, Mascarenhas MD, Dias AR, do Prado RR, Lima CM, da Silva MM et al (2014) Situations of violence experienced by students in the state capitals and the Federal District: results from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2012). Rev Bras Epidemiol 17:158–171. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400050013
Melo ACM, Garcia LP (2016) Involvement of school students in fights with weapons: prevalence and associated factors in Brazil. BMC Public Health 16:1008. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3629-1
Mercy J, Rosenberg ML, Powell KE, Broome CV, Roper WL (1993) Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Aff 12:7–29. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.12.4.7
Merlo J, Chaix B, Yang M, Lynch J, Rastam L (2005) A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: linking the statistical concept of clustering to the idea of contextual phenomenon. J Epidemiol Commun H 59:443–449. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.023473
Merlo J, Chaix B, Ohlsson H, Beckman A, Johnell K, Hjerpe P et al (2006) A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena. J Epidemiol Commun H 60:290–297. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.029454
Moore MH (1995) Public Health and Criminal Justice approaches to prevention. Crime Justice. 19:237–262. https://doi.org/10.1086/449232
Murray J, Cerqueira DR, Kahn T (2013) Crime and violence in Brazil: systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors. Aggress Violent Behav 18:471–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.003
Mytton JA, DiGuiseppi C, Gough DA, Taylor RS, Logan S (2002) School-based violence prevention programs: systematic review of secondary prevention trials. Arch Pediat Adol Med 156:752–762. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.8.752
Nagin D, Pogarski G (2001) Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and extralegal sanctions threats into a model of general deterrence: theory and evidence. Criminology 39:865–891. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00943.x
Oliveira MM, Campos MO, Andreazzi MAR, Malta DC (2017) Characteristics of the national adolescent school-based health survey—PeNSE, Brazil. Epidemiol Serv Saude 26(3):605–616. https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742017000300017
Ozer EJ (2006) Contextual effects in school-based violence prevention programs: a conceptual framework and empirical review. J Prim Prev. 27:315–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-006-0036-x
Ribeaud D, Eisner M (2010) Risk factors for aggression in pre-adolescence: risk domains, cumulative risk and gender differences—Results from a prospective longitudinal study in a multi-ethnic urban sample. Eur Criminol 7:460–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370810378116
Royston P, White IR (2011) Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): implementation in Stata. J Stat Softw 45:1–20
Vazsonyi AT, Belliston LM, Flannery DJ (2004) Evaluation of a school-based, universal violence prevention program: low-, medium-, and high-risk children. Youth Violence Juv J. 2:185–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204003262224
Vlavev, N, Bieri, F, Bizuneh, N. The Global Economy. http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Brazil/population_share/. Accessed 1 Feb 2017
WHO (2009) World Health Organization. Global school-based student health surveillance (GSHS). World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/en/. Accessed 10 April 2018
WHO (2010) Violence prevention: the evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/4th_milestones_meeting/evidence_briefings_all.pdf. Accessed 10 April 2018
WHO (2014) Global status report on violence prevention. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/status_report/2014/en/. Accessed 10 April 2018
WHO (2016) Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/youth/youth_violence/en/. Accessed 10 April 2018
Wikström POH, Treiber K (2009) Violence as situational action. Int J Confl Violence 3:75–96. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.49
Zimring FE, Hawkins GJ (1973) Deterrence. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, The legal threat in crime control