Personal Network Correlates and Predictors of Homelessness for Injection Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland
Tóm tắt
Injection drug users are at high risk for homelessness and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study sought to examine incidence rates and the social and economic antecedents of homelessness of impoverished inner-city injection drug users. Of the 569 participants, from a nontreatment sample who participated HIV prevention study, interviewed at baseline, 324 (57%) were reinterviewed 5.2 months later. At baseline 48% of the participants reported that they had been homeless in the past 10 years. Of the 324, 18% reported that at both interviews they had been homeless within the prior 6 months, 12% reported homelessness at baseline but not at follow-up, and 8% reported homelessness at follow-up but not at baseline. At baseline personal social support network characteristic of size of material aid and size of sex network was found to be associated with self-reports of homelessness. Baseline reports of presence of mother in personal network, size of material aid network, and network density were found to be associated with reports of homelessness at follow-up. These result suggest the need for alternative approaches to addressing issues of homelessness injection drug users.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barrera, M. (1981). Social support in the adjustment of pregnant adolescents: Assessment issues. In B. H. Gottlieb (Ed.) Social networks and social support (pp. 9-96). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Bassuk, E., Rubin, L., & Lauriat, A. (1984). Is homelessness a mental health problem? American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1546-1550.
Beardsley, M., Clatts, M. C., Deren, S., Davis, W. R. & Tortu, S. (1992). Homelessness and HIV-risk behaviors in a sample of New York City drug injectors. AIDS & Public Policy Journal, 162-169.
Breakey, W. R., & Fisher, P. J. (1990). Homelessness: The extent of the problem. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 31-48.
Celentano, D. D., Vlahov, D., Cohn, S., & Anthony, J. C. (1991). Risk factors for shooting gallery use and cessation among intravenous drug users. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1291-1295.
Cohen, C., & Sokolovsky, J. (1983). Toward a concept of homelessness among aged men. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 81-89.
Drake, R. E., Osher, F. C., & Wallach, M. A. (1991). Homelessness and dual diagnosis. American Psychologist, 46, 1149-1158.
Empfield, M., Cournos, F., Meyer, I., & McKinnon, K. (1993). HIV seroprevalence among homeless patients admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 47-52.
Gelberg, L., & Leake, B. D. (1993). Substance use among impoverished medical patients—the effect of housing status and other factors. Medical Care, 31, 757-766.
Goodman, L. A. (1991). The relationship between social support and family homelessness: A comparison study of homeless and housed mothers. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 321-332.
Grisby, C., Baumann, D., Gregorich, S. E., & Roberts-Gray, C. (1990). Disaffiliation to entrenchment: A model of understanding homelessness. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 141-156.
Herman, M., Galanter, M., Lifshutz, H., Cahill, D. F. & Hodgkins, B. J. (1991). The urban health care clinic and its substance abuse population. Medical Care, 29, 1004-1016.
Institute of Medicine (1988). Homelessness, health, and human needs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Koegel, P., Burnam, M. A., & Farr, R. K. (1990). Subsistence adaption among homeless adults in inner city of Los Angeles. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 83-108.
Mandell, W., Vlahov, D., Cohn, S., Latkin, C., & Oziemkowska, M. (1994). Correlates of needle sharing among intravenous drug users. American Journal of Public Health (in press).
McCarty, D., Argeriou, M., Huebner, R. B., & Lubran, B. (1991). Alcoholism, drug abuse, and the homeless. American Psychologist, 46, 1139-1148.
Morse G. (1985). Homeless people: A topological analysis and gender comparison. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 3626B.
Padgett, D. K., & Struening, E. L. (1991). Influence of substance abuse and mental disorders on emergency room use by homeless adults. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 42, 834-838.
Passero, J. M., Zax, M., & Zuzus, R. T. (1991). Social network utilization as related to family history among homeless. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 70-78.
Sandler, I. N., & Barrera, M. (1984). Towards a multimethod approach to assessing the effects of social support. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 37-52.
Scott, J. (1993). Homelessness and mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 314-324.
Smith, E. M., North, C. S., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1993). Alcohol, drugs, and psychiatric comorbidity among homeless women. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 82-87.
Solazr, A., & Bogat, G. A. (1990). When social support fails: The homeless. Journal of Community Psychology, 18, 79-96.
Street Voice (1993) The public's myths about the poor and homeless (special issue). Baltimore, MD.
Tynes, L. L., Sautter, F. J., Mcdermott, B. E., & Winstead, D. K. (1993). Risk of HIV infection in the homeless and chronically mentally ill. Southern Medical Journal, 86, 276-281.
Vlahov, D., Muñoz, A., Anthony, J. C., Cohn, S., Celentano, D. D., & Nelson, K. E. (1990). Association of drug injection patterns with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 847-856.
Weitzman, B. C., Knickman, J. R., & Shinn, M. (1990). Pathways to homelessness among New York City families. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 125-140.
Winkleby, M. A., & White, R. (1992). Homeless adults without apparent medical and psychiatric impairment: onset of morbidity over time. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 43, 1017-1023.