Permissive hypercapnia

Abman, 1994, Pathophysiology and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Current issues, Pediatr Clin North Am, 41, 277, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)38726-0

Ambalavanan, 2001, Hypocapnia and hypercapnia in respiratory management of newborn infants, Clin Perinatol, 28, 517, 10.1016/S0095-5108(05)70104-4

Artigas, 1998, The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS, part 2: Ventilatory, pharmacologic, supportive therapy, study design strategies, and issues related to recovery and remodeling. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. [Review] [191 refs], American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 157, 1332, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.ats2-98

Avery, 1987, Is chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants preventable? A survey of eight centers, Pediatrics, 79, 26, 10.1542/peds.79.1.26

Bidani, 1994, Permissive hypercapnia in acute respiratory failure. [see comments], JAMA, 272, 957, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520120067033

Bifano, 1988, Duration of hyperventilation and outcome in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension, Pediatrics, 81, 657

Bjoerklund, 1997, Manual ventilation with a few large breaths at birth compromises the therapeutic effect of subsequent surfactant replacement in immature lambs, Pediatr Res, 42, 348, 10.1203/00006450-199709000-00016

Brett, 1981, Developmental follow-up of hyperventilated neonates: preliminary observations, Pediatrics, 68, 588, 10.1542/peds.68.4.588

Brun, 1994, Cerebrovascular responses to carbon dioxide as detected by near-infrared spectrophotometry: comparison of three different measures, Pediatric Research, 36, t-4, 10.1203/00006450-199407001-00004

Calvert, 1987, Etiological factors associated with the development of periventricular leukomalacia, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 76, 254, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10456.x

Cardenas, 1996, Correction of blood pH attenuates changes in hemodynamics and organ blood flow during permissive hypercapnia, Critical Care Medicine, 24, 827, 10.1097/00003246-199605000-00017

Carlo, 2000, Gentle ventilation and permissive hypercapnia in neonates, Perspectives in Neonatology, 1, 4

Carlo, 1986, Efficacy of computer-assisted management of respiratory failure in neonates, Pediatrics, 78, 139, 10.1542/peds.78.1.139

Carlo, 2002, Minimal ventilation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birthweight infants, J Pediatr, 141, 370, 10.1067/mpd.2002.127507

Carlton, 1990, Lung overexpansion increases pulmonary microvascular protein permeability in young lambs. [see comments], J Appl Physiol, 69, 577, 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.2.577

Collins, 2001, Hypocapnia and other ventilation-related risk factors for cerebral palsy in low birth weight infants, Pediatric Research, 50, 712, 10.1203/00006450-200112000-00014

Crowley, 2002, Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm birth (Cochrane Review), The Cochrane Library

Cullen, 1974, Cardiovascular effects of carbon dioxide in man, Anesthesiology, 41, 345, 10.1097/00000542-197410000-00006

Doyle, 2000, Growth and respiratory health in adolescence of the extremely low-birth weight survivor, Clin Perinatol, 27, 421, 10.1016/S0095-5108(05)70029-4

Dreyfuss, 1993, Role of tidal volume, FRC, and end-inspiratory volume in the development of pulmonary edema following mechanical ventilation, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 1194, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.5.1194

Dreyfuss, 1998, Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 294, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9604014

Feihl, 2000, Permissive hypercapnia impairs pulmonary gas exchange in the acute respiratory distress syndrome, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 162, 209, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907119

Frank, 1998, Pathophysiology of lung injury repair: Special features of the immature lung, 1175

Fritz, 2002, Effect of hypocapnia in intranuclear Ca++/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaM Kinase) IV activity in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets, Pediatr Res, 51, 448A

Fritz, 2002, Effect of hypercapnia on energy metabolism and nuclear injury in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets, Pediatr Res, 51, 49A

Fujimoto, 1994, Hypocarbia and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants, Arch Dis Child, 71, F107, 10.1136/fn.71.2.F107

Gannon, 1998, Volutrauma, PaCO2 levels, and neurodevelopmental sequelae following assisted ventilation. [Review] [70 refs], Clin Perinatol, 25, 159, 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30142-8

Garland, 1995, Hypocarbia before surfactant therapy appears to increase bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk in infants with respiratory distress syndrome, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 149, 222, 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170190027005

Gaylord, 1985, Predicting mortality in low-birth-weight infants with pulmonary interstitial emphysema, Pediatrics, 76, 219, 10.1542/peds.76.2.219

Goldstein, 1990, Supercarbia in children: clinical course and outcome, Crit Care Med, 18, 166, 10.1097/00003246-199002000-00008

Graham, 1996, Modification of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the brain of newborn piglets following hyperventilation induced ischemia, Neuroscience Letters, 218, 29

Graham, 1960, Die Wirkung hoher CO2-Konzentrationen auf Kreislauf und Atmung. Toleranz und ‘Supercarbie’, Der Anaesthesist, 9, 70

Granholm, 1969, The effects of hypercapnia and hypocapnia upon the cerebrospinal fluid lactate and pyruvate concentrations and upon the lactate, pyruvate, ATP, ADP, phosphocreatine and creatine concentrations of cat brain tissue, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 75, 257, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1969.tb04379.x

Graziani, 1992, Mechanical ventilation in preterm infants: neurosonographic and developmental studies, Pediatrics, 90, 515, 10.1542/peds.90.4.515

Greisen, 1987, Severe hypocarbia in preterm infants and neurodevelopmental deficit, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 76, 401, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10489.x

Greisen, 2001, Is periventricular leucomalacia a result of hypoxic-ischaemic injury? Hypocapnia and the preterm brain. [Review] [74 refs], Biol Neonate, 79, 194, 10.1159/000047090

Groneck, 1995, Inflammatory mediators and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Arch Dis Child, 73, F1, 10.1136/fn.73.1.F1

Grote, 1981, Effects of severe arterial hypocapnia on regional blood flow regulation, tissue PO2 and metabolism in the brain cortex of cats, Pflugers Archiv – European Journal of Physiology, 391, 195, 10.1007/BF00596170

Hakulinen, 1996, Diffusing capacity of the lung in school-aged children born very preterm, with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Pediatr Pulmonol, 21, 353, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199606)21:6<353::AID-PPUL2>3.0.CO;2-M

Hansen, 1986, Alterations in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during prolonged hypocarbia, Pediatric Research, 20, 147, 10.1203/00006450-198602000-00010

Hassan, 2002, Long term safety of permissive hypercapnia in neonates with HMD: 12 months neurodevelopmental outcome, Pediatr Res, 51, 406A

Heicher, 1981, Prospective clinical comparison of two methods for mechanical ventilation of neonates: rapid rate and short inspiratory time versus slow rate and long inspiratory time, J Pediatr, 98, 957, 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80604-X

Hernandez, 1989, Chest wall restriction limits high airway pressure-induced lung injury in young rabbits, J Appl Physiol, 66, 2364, 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2364

Holmes, 1998, Carbon dioxide-induced retinopathy in the neonatal rat, Current Eye Research, 17, 608, 10.1080/02713689808951233

Horst, 1994, Bronchiolitis (see comments), American Family Physician, 49, 1449

Iida, 1992, Etiologies and distribution of neonatal leukomalacia, Pediatric Neurology, 8, 205, 10.1016/0887-8994(92)90069-B

Ikonen, 1992, Hyperbilirubinemia, hypocarbia and periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants: relationship to cerebral palsy, Acta Paediatrica, 81, 802, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12107.x

Jobe, 1995, Hypocarbia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 149, 615, 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170190025004

Katz, 1988, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the pediatric intensive care unit, Critical Care Clinics, 4, 755, 10.1016/S0749-0704(18)30466-4

Kennealy, 1980, Hyperventilation-induced cerebral hypoxia, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 122, 407

Kennedy, 1997, Center differences in survival without chronic lung disease (CLD) in very low birthweight infants are not explained by population differences, or the presence and early mamagement of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), Pediatr Res, 41, 256A, 10.1203/00006450-199704001-01543

Kondo, 2000, Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia following chronic hypercapnia in the rat, Respiration Physiology, 122, 35, 10.1016/S0034-5687(00)00134-1

Kotecha, 1996, Cytokines in chronic lung disease of prematurity, Eur J Pediatr, 155, S14, 10.1007/BF01958074

Koumbourlis, 1996, Longitudinal follow-up of lung function from childhood to adolescence in prematurely born patients with neonatal chronic lung disease, Pediatr Pulmonol, 21, 28, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199601)21:1<28::AID-PPUL5>3.0.CO;2-M

Kraybill, 1989, Risk factors for chronic lung disease in infants with birth weights of 751 to 1000 grams, J Pediatr, 115, 115, 10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80345-2

Kubota, 1996, Periventricular leukomalacia associated with hypocarbia, Acta Paediatr Japon, 38, 57, 10.1111/j.1442-200X.1996.tb03436.x

Laffey, 2000, Buffering hypercapnic acidosis worsens acute lung injury, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 161, 141, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.1.9905080

Laffey, 1999, Carbon dioxide and the critically ill – too little of a good thing?. [Review] [39 refs], Lancet, 354, 1283, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02388-0

Lang, 2000, Hypercapnia induces injury to alveolar epithelial cells via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway, American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular & Molecular Physiology, 279, L994, 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.5.L994

Lemons, 2001, Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network, Pediatrics, 107, E1, 10.1542/peds.107.1.e1

Levene, 1982, Risk factors in the development of intraventricular haemorrhage in the preterm neonate, Arch Dis Child, 57, 410, 10.1136/adc.57.6.410

Liao, 2001, Effect of hypocapnia in the first three days of life on the subsequent development of periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants, Acta Paediatrica Taiwanica, 42, 90

Liao, 2000, Effect of carbon dioxide tension in the first three days of life on the development of retinopathy of prematurity, Chang Gung Medical Journal, 23, 755

Mariani, 1999, Randomized trial of permissive hypercapnia in preterm infants, Pediatrics, 104, 1082, 10.1542/peds.104.5.1082

Martynowicz, 1999, Regional expansion of oleic acid-injured lungs, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 160, 250, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9808101

Mattsson, 1970, Tolerance of rhesus monkeys to pCO2 of 195mmHg at 0.5 atmosphere total pressure, Aerospace Medicine, 41, 1051

McCormick, 1985, The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity, New Engl J Med, 312, 82, 10.1056/NEJM198501103120204

Meissner, 1994, Economic impact of viral respiratory disease in children, J Pediatr, 124, S17, 10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70186-5

Miller, 2001, Hypercapnia protects against cumulative effects of repeated very severe hypoxia in the rat pup, Pediatr Res, 49, 436A

Miyamoto, 2001, Caudoputamen is damaged by hypocapnia during mechanical ventilation in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, Stroke, 32, 2920, 10.1161/hs1201.100216

Monin, 1987, The management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Clin Perinatol, 14, 531, 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30749-8

Muscedere, 1994, Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 149, 1327, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173774

Najarian, 2000, Prolonged hypercapnia-evoked cerebral hyperemia via K(+) channel- and prostaglandin E(2)-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase induction, Circulation Research, 87, 1149, 10.1161/01.RES.87.12.1149

Nickerson, 1985, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: chronic pulmonary disease following neonatal respiratory failure, Chest, 87, 528, 10.1378/chest.87.4.528

Northway, 1967, Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, N Engl J Med, 276, 357, 10.1056/NEJM196702162760701

Northway, 1992, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: twenty-five years later (see comments), Pediatrics, 89, 773, 10.1542/peds.89.5.969

Okumura, 2001, Hypocarbia in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia: the relation between hypocarbia and mechanical ventilation, Pediatrics, 107, 469, 10.1542/peds.107.3.469

1991, Arch Dis Child, 66, 770, 10.1136/adc.66.7_Spec_No.770

Park, 2002, Does moderate hypocarbia during the first 72 hours of life play a role on the development of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in preterm infants with mechanical ventialtion (MV)?, Pediatr Res, 51, 449A

Parker, 1993, Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury. [Review] [105 refs], Crit Care Med, 21, 131, 10.1097/00003246-199301000-00024

Peevy, 1990, Barotrauma and microvascular injury in lungs of nonadult rabbits: effect of ventilation pattern, Crit Care Med, 18, 634, 10.1097/00003246-199006000-00012

Plum, 1967, Blood and cerebrospinal fluid lactate during hyperventilation, American Journal of Physiology, 212, 864, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.4.864

Poets, 1996, Changes in intubation rates and outcome of very low birth weight infants: a population-based study. [see comments], Pediatrics, 98, 24, 10.1542/peds.98.1.24

Pohlandt, 1992, Decreased incidence of extra-alveolar air leakage or death prior to air leakage in high versus low rate positive pressure ventilation: results of a randomised seven-centre trial in preterm infants, Eur J Pediatr, 151, 904, 10.1007/BF01954127

Prys-Roberts, 1980, Hypercapnia, 435

Radi, 1999, Peroxynitrite reactions with carbon dioxide-bicarbonate. [Review] [42 refs], Methods in Enzymology, 301, 353, 10.1016/S0076-6879(99)01099-X

Ramirez, 2000, Oxygen-carrying capacity during 10 hours of hypercapnia in ventilated dogs, Critical Care Medicine, 28, 1918, 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00039

Ranieri, 1999, Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. [see comments.], JAMA, 282, 54, 10.1001/jama.282.1.54

Reuter, 1986, Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during hyperventilation in the newborn dog, Pediatric Research, 20, 1102, 10.1203/00006450-198611000-00008

Rosenberg, 1988, Response of the cerebral circulation to profound hypocarbia in neonatal lambs, Stroke, 19, 1365, 10.1161/01.STR.19.11.1365

Salokorpi, 1999, Does perinatal hypocarbia play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy?, Acta Paediatrica, 88, 571, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00177.x

Sandhar, 1988, Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on hyaline membrane formation in a rabbit model of the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, Intens Care Med, 14, 538, 10.1007/BF00263527

Shibata, 1998, Hypercapnic acidosis may attenuate acute lung injury by inhibition of endogenous xanthine oxidase, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 158, 1578, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9804039

Skouteli, 1988, Arterial blood gas derangements associated with death and intracranial hemorrhage in premature babies, J Perinatol, 8, 336

Slutsky, 1993, Mechanical ventilation. American College of Chest Physicians' Consensus Conference. [see comments]. [erratum appears in Chest 1994 Aug;106(2):656]. [Review] [158 refs], Chest, 104, 1833, 10.1378/chest.104.6.1833

Soll, 2002, Prophylactic natural surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (Cochrane Review), The Cochrane Library

Soll, 2002, Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (Cochrane Review), The Cochrane Library

Sovik, 2002, Maturation of immediate ventilatory response to transient hypercapnia and hypercapnic hypoxia in term neonates, Pediatr Res, 51, 383A

Speer, 2001, New insights into the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation in preterm infants. [Review] [89 refs], Biol Neonate, 79, 205, 10.1159/000047092

Stark, 2001, Adverse effects of early dexamethasone in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, N Engl J Med, 344, 95, 10.1056/NEJM200101113440203

Steenbergen, 1977, Effects of acidosis and ischemia on contractility and intracellular pH of rat heart, Circulation Research, 41, 849, 10.1161/01.RES.41.6.849

Stewart, 1998, Evaluation of a ventilation strategy to prevent barotrauma in patients at high risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure- and Volume-Limited Ventilation Strategy Group. [see comments], N Engl J Med, 338, 355, 10.1056/NEJM199802053380603

Stinson, 1970, Tolerance of rhesus monkeys to graded increase in environmental CO2: Serial changes in heart rate and cardiac rhythm, Aerospace Medicine, 41, 415

Swischuk, 1977, Bubbles in hyaline membrane disease. Differentiation of three types, Radiology, 122, 417, 10.1148/122.2.417

Szymonowicz, 1984, Antecedents of periventricular haemorrhage in infants weighing 1250g or less at birth, Arch Dis Child, 59, 13, 10.1136/adc.59.1.13

Tang, 1991, Reversible impairment of myocardial contractility due to hypercarbic acidosis in the isolated perfused rat heart, Critical Care Medicine, 19, 218, 10.1097/00003246-199102000-00018

Taskar, 1997, Surfactant dysfunction makes lungs vulnerable to repetitive collapse and reexpansion, American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 155, 313, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001330

2000, New Engl J Med, 342, 1301, 10.1056/NEJM200005043421801

Tombaugh, 1994, Mild acidosis delays hypoxic spreading depression and improves neuronal recovery in hippocampal slices, Journal of Neuroscience, 14, 5635, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05635.1994

Tombaugh, 1993, Evolving concepts about the role of acidosis in ischemic neuropathology. [Review] [132 refs], Journal of Neurochemistry, 61, 793, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03589.x

Trounce, 1988, Clinical risk factors and periventricular leucomalacia, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 63, 17, 10.1136/adc.63.1.17

Vannucci, 2001, Effect of extreme hypercapnia on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat, Pediatric Research, 49, 799, 10.1203/00006450-200106000-00015

Vannucci, 1995, Carbon dioxide protects the perinatal brain from hypoxic-ischemic damage: an experimental study in the immature rat, Pediatrics, 95, 868, 10.1542/peds.95.6.868

von, 1991, Hypercarbic acidosis reduces cardiac resuscitability, Critical Care Medicine, 19, 1177, 10.1097/00003246-199109000-00014

Wada, 1997, Tidal volume effects on surfactant treatment responses with the initiation of ventilation in preterm lambs, J Appl Physiol, 83, 1054, 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1054

Walley, 1990, Acute respiratory acidosis decreases left ventricular contractility but increases cardiac output in dogs, Circulation Research, 67, 628, 10.1161/01.RES.67.3.628

Wallin, 1990, Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: II. Risk factor analysis in an inborn population, Early Hum Dev, 23, 129, 10.1016/0378-3782(90)90136-7

Wilson, 1991, Effect of hyperventilation on oxygenation of the brain cortex of newborn piglets, Journal of Applied Physiology, 70, 2691, 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2691

Wilson, 1997, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia – a tale of two cities: the Boston experience, Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 32, 401, 10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90590-X

Wiswell, 1998, Hypercapnia during the first 3 days of life increases the risk for the development of severe intracranial hemorrhage in the very low birthweight, conventionally-ventilated premature infant, Pediatr Res, 43, 203A

Wiswell, 1996, Effects of hypocarbia on the development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants treated with high-frequency jet ventilation, Pediatrics, 98, 918, 10.1542/peds.98.5.918

Wung, 1985, Management of infants with severe respiratory failure and persistence of the fetal circulation, without hyperventilation, Pediatrics, 76, 488, 10.1542/peds.76.4.488

Wung, 1995, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: survival treated with very delayed surgery, spontaneous respiration, and no chest tube, J Pediatr Surg, 30, 406, 10.1016/0022-3468(95)90042-X

Xu, 1991, Tolerance of low cerebral intracellular pH in rats during hyperbaric hypercapnia, Stroke, 22, 1303, 10.1161/01.STR.22.10.1303

Yost, 2002, Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Cochrane Review), The Cochrane Library

Young, 1984, Cerebral physiological and metabolic effects of hyperventilation in the neonatal dog, Annals of Neurology, 16, 337, 10.1002/ana.410160310