Performance of different theories for the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung produced by keV electrons incident upon a target

Radiation Physics and Chemistry - Tập 148 - Trang 73-85 - 2018
Artur Omar1,2, Pedro Andreo1,2, Gavin Poludniowski1,2
1Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
2Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden

Tài liệu tham khảo

Acosta, 1998, Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray emission by kilovolt electron bombardment, J. Appl. Phys., 83, 6038, 10.1063/1.367473 Acosta, 2002, Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung emission by electrons, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 3228, 10.1063/1.1473684 Ali, 2007, Efficiency improvements of x-ray simulations in EGSnrc user-codes using bremsstrahlung cross-section enhancement (BCSE), Med. Phys., 34, 2143, 10.1118/1.2736778 Ali, 2008, Benchmarking EGS nrc in the kilovoltage energy range against experimental measurements of charged particle backscatter coefficients, Phys. Med. Biol., 53, 1527, 10.1088/0031-9155/53/6/002 Allison, 2016, Recent developments in Geant4, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A, 835, 186, 10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125 Ambrose, 1991, Angular dependence of thick-target bremsstrahlung, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 56, 327, 10.1016/0168-583X(91)96038-M Berger, M.J. Hubbell, J.H., 1987. XCOM: Photon Cross Sections on a Personal Computer. Report NBSIR 87-3597. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), Gaithersburg, MD. Berger, 1970, Bremsstrahlung and photoneutrons from thick tungsten and tantalum targets, Phys. Rev. C, 2, 621, 10.1103/PhysRevC.2.621 Bethe, H., Ashkin, J., 1953. Experimental Nuclear Physics, Vol. 1, Part II. Passage of radiations through matter, page 292. Wiley, New York. Bethe, 1934, On the stopping of fast particles and on the creation of positive electrons, Proc. R. Soc. A, 146, 83, 10.1098/rspa.1934.0140 Bielajew, 1989 Birch, 1979, Computation of bremsstrahlung x-ray spectra and comparison with spectra measured with a Ge(Li) detector, Phys. Med. Biol., 24, 505, 10.1088/0031-9155/24/3/002 Brusa, 1996, Fast sampling algorithm for the simulation of photon compton scattering, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A, 379, 167, 10.1016/0168-9002(96)00652-3 Cullen, D.E., Hubbell, J.H., Kissel, L., 1997. EPDL97: the Evaluated Photon Data Library, ’97 Version. Report UCRL-50400, Vol. 6, Rev. 5. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA. Ferrari, A., Sala, P.R., Fass, A., Ranft, J., 2014. FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code. Report CERN-2005-10, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, CHE. Goorley, T., James, M., Booth, T., Brown, F., Bull, J., L. Cox, J., Durkee, J., Elson, J., Fensin M., Forster R.A. J., Hendricks, et al. Initial MCNP6 release overview. LANL Report LA-UR-11-07082. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 2012. Haug, 2004 Hernández, 2016, A model of tungsten anode x-ray spectra, Med. Phys., 43, 4655, 10.1118/1.4955120 Hirayama, H., Namito, Y., Bielajew, A.F., Wilderman, S.J., and Nelson, W.R., 2016. The EGS5 Code System. Report KEK 2005-8 (also SLAC R-730).High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba-Ibaraki, JPN. Hubbell, 1979, Relativistic atomic form factors and photon coherent scattering cross sections, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 69, 10.1063/1.555593 ICRU, 2005 ICRU, 2016 Kawrakow, 2017 Kissel, 1983, Shape functions for atomic-field bremsstrahlung from electrons of kinetic energy 1–500 keV on selected neutral atoms 1≤Z≤92, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 28, 381, 10.1016/0092-640X(83)90001-3 Koch, 1959, Bremsstrahlung cross-section formulas and related data, Rev. Mod. Phys., 31, 920, 10.1103/RevModPhys.31.920 Ma, 1995 Mainegra-Hing, 2006, Efficient x-ray tube simulations, Med. Phys., 33, 2683, 10.1118/1.2219331 Poludniowski, 2007, Calculation of x-ray spectra emerging from an x-ray tube. Part I. Electron penetration characteristics in x-ray targets, Med. Phys., 34, 2164, 10.1118/1.2734725 Poludniowski, 2007, Calculation of x-ray spectra emerging from an x-ray tube. Part II. X-ray production and filtration in x-ray targets, Med. Phys., 34, 2175, 10.1118/1.2734726 Pratt, 1977, Bremsstrahlung energy spectra from electrons of kinetic energy 1 keV ≤T1≤ 2000 keV incident on neutral atoms 2≤Z≤92, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables, 20, 175, 10.1016/0092-640X(77)90045-6 Ribberfors, 1975, Relationship of the relativistic Compton cross section to the momentum distribution of bound electron states, Phys. Rev. B, 12, 2067, 10.1103/PhysRevB.12.2067 Rogers, 1995, BEAM: a Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units, Med. Phys., 22, 503, 10.1118/1.597552 Sabbatucci, 2016, Theory and calculation of the atomic photoeffect, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 121, 122, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.10.021 Salvat, 2006, Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung emission by electrons, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 75, 1201, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.05.008 Salvat, F., 2014. PENELOPE-2014: A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport. Report NEA/NSC/DOC(2014).OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Issy-les-Moulineaux, FRA. Sauter, 1934, Über die bremsstrahlung schneller elektronen, Ann. Phys., 412, 404, 10.1002/andp.19344120405 Schiff, 1951, Energy-angle distribution of thin target bremsstrahlung, Phys. Rev., 83, 252, 10.1103/PhysRev.83.252 Scofield, 1978, K-and L-shell ionization of atoms by relativistic electrons, Phys. Rev. A, 18, 963, 10.1103/PhysRevA.18.963 Seltzer, 1985, Bremsstrahlung spectra from electron interactions with screened atomic nuclei and orbital electrons, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 12, 95, 10.1016/0168-583X(85)90707-4 Sempau, 1997, An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 132, 377, 10.1016/S0168-583X(97)00414-X Sempau, 2011, A PENELOPE-based system for the automated Monte Carlo simulation of clinacs and voxelized geometries–application to far-from-axis fields, Med. Phys., 38, 5887, 10.1118/1.3643029 Távora, 1998, Photon production using a low energy electron expansion of the EGS4 code system, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 143, 253, 10.1016/S0168-583X(98)00373-5 Tessier, 2008, Calculation of the electron-electron bremsstrahlung cross-section in the field of atomic electrons, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 266, 625, 10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.063 Tian, 2009, Bremsstrahlung spectra produced by kilovolt electron impact on thick targets, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B, 267, 3495, 10.1016/j.nimb.2009.08.009 Tsai, 1974, Pair production and bremsstrahlung of charged leptons, Rev. Mod. Phys., 46, 815, 10.1103/RevModPhys.46.815 Tseng, 1979, Electron bremsstrahlung angular distributions in the 1–500 keV energy range, Phys. Rev. A, 19, 187, 10.1103/PhysRevA.19.187 Tucker, 1991, Semiempirical model for generating tungsten target x-ray spectra, Med. Phys., 18, 211, 10.1118/1.596709 Wheeler, 1939, Influence of atomic electrons on radiation and pair production, Phys. Rev., 55, 858, 10.1103/PhysRev.55.858