Percentage of All Non-Overlapping Data (PAND)

Journal of Special Education - Tập 40 Số 4 - Trang 194-204 - 2007
Richard Parker1, Shanna Hagan‐Burke1, Kimberly J. Vannest1
1Texas A&M University at College Station,

Tóm tắt

Although single-case researchers are not accustomed to analyzing data statistically, standards for research and accountability from government and other funding agents are creating pressure for more objective, reliable data. In addition, “evidence-based interventions” movements in special education, clinical psychology, and school psychology imply reliable data summaries. Within special education, two heavily debated single-case research (SCR) statistical indices are “percentage of non-overlapping data” (PND) and the regression effect size, R2. This article proposes a new index—PAND, the “percentage of all non-overlapping data”—to remedy deficiencies of both PND and R2. PAND is closely related to the established effect size, Pearson's Phi , the “fourfold point correlation coefficient.” The PAND/ Phi procedure is demonstrated and applied to 75 published multiple baseline designs to answer questions about typical effect sizes, relationships with PND and R2, statistical power, and time efficiency. Confidence intervals and p values for Phi also are demonstrated. The findings are that PAND/ Phi and PND correlate equally well to R2. However, only PAND/ Phi could show adequate power for most of the multiple baseline designs sampled. The findings suggest that PAND/ Phi may meet the requirement for a useful effect size for multiple baseline and other longer designs in SCR.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1037/0033-2909.97.1.129

10.1016/0005-7967(93)90115-B

10.1016/0005-7967(94)90170-8

Bloom, M., 2003, Evaluating practice: Guidelines for accountable professionals, 4

10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.260

Brossart, D.F., 2005, Behavior Modification

Busk, P.L. & Marascuilo, L.A. (1992). Statistical analysis in single-case research: Issues, procedures, and recommendations, with applications to multiple behaviors. In T. R. Kratochwill & J. Levin, R. (Eds.), Single-case research design and analysis: New directions for psychology and education (pp. 159—185). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Busk, P.L. & Serlin, R.C. (1992). Meta-analysis for single-case research. In T. R. Kratochwill & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Single-case research design and analysis: New directions for psychology and education (pp. 187— 212). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.685

Cohen, J., 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2

10.1017/CBO9780511802843

10.1901/jaba.1979.12-573

2003, Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002

Fleiss, J.L., 1981, Statistical methods for rates and proportions, 2

10.1207/S15327035EX0904_3

10.1007/978-1-4757-3425-6

10.1093/ptj/71.2.107

Hays, W.L., 1988, Statistics, 4

Hintze, J., 2004, NCSS and PASS: Number cruncher statistical systems [Computer software]

10.1177/001440290507100203

10.1177/019874290002500204

Kazdin, A.E., 1982, Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings

10.3102/00346543068003350

10.1177/0013164496056005002

10.1177/014544557823001

10.1037/h0088786

10.1521/scpq.17.4.341.20872

Linden Software Ltd,, 1998, i-extractor [Graph digitizing software]. United Kingdom

10.1207/S15327035EX0904_4

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C. 70 § 6301 et seq. (2002)

10.1177/001440290507100201

Ottenbacher, K.J., 1990, Mental Retardation, 28, 283

10.1080/00220973.1990.10806545

10.1080/02796015.2005.12086279

Parker, R.I., School Psychology Quarterly

10.1037/h0084131

Parsonson, B.S. & Baer, D.M. (1992). The visual analysis of data, and current research into the stimuli controlling it. In T. R. Kratochwill & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Single-case research design and analysis (pp. 15—40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

10.4135/9781412984997

Rosenthal, R., 2000, Contrasts and e fect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach

10.1016/0005-7967(94)90169-4

10.1177/01454455980223001

10.1207/S15327035EX0904_5

10.1177/074193258700800206

Shavelson, R. J., 2002, Scientific research in education

Stats Direct Ltd, 2005, StatsDirect [Computer software]. Cheshire, UK

Steiger, J.H., 2005, NDC (Non-Central Distribution Calculator)

10.3758/BF03203611

Tawney, J.W., 1984, Single subject research in special education

10.1177/001440290507100204

10.1177/074193258700800207

Whitehurst, G., 2004, Wisdom of the head, not the heart. Distinguished Public Policy Lecture, Institute for Policy Research

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Special Education

Tập 40 Số 4

194-204

Thông tin tác giả