Perceived Discrimination Based on Criminal Record in Healthcare Settings and Self-Reported Health Status among Formerly Incarcerated Individuals
Tóm tắt
Perceived discrimination based on criminal record is associated with social determinants of health such as housing and employment. However, there is limited data on discrimination based on criminal record within health care settings. We examined how perceived discrimination based on criminal record within health care settings, among individuals with a history of incarceration, was associated with self-reported general health status. We used data from individuals recruited from 11 sites within the Transitions Clinic Network (TCN) who were released from prison within the prior 6 months, had a chronic health condition and/or were age 50 or older, and had complete information on demographics, medical history, self-reported general health status, and self-reported perceived discrimination (n = 743). Study participants were mostly of minority racial and ethnic background (76%), and had a high prevalence of self-reported chronic health conditions with half reporting mental health conditions and substance use disorders (52% and 50%, respectively), and 85% reporting one or more chronic medical conditions. Over a quarter (27%, n = 203) reported perceived discrimination by health care providers due to criminal record with a higher proportion of individuals with fair or poor health reporting discrimination compared to those in good or excellent health (33% vs. 23%; p = .002). After adjusting for age and reported chronic conditions, participants reporting discrimination due to criminal record had 43% increased odds of reporting fair/poor health (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.01–2.03). Race and ethnicity did not modify this relationship. Participants reporting discrimination due to criminal record had increased odds of reporting fair/poor health. The association between perceived discrimination by health care providers due to criminal record and health should be explored in future longitudinal studies among individuals at high risk of incarceration. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01863290
Tài liệu tham khảo
Pager D. The mark of a criminal record. Am J Sociol. 2003;108(5):937–75.
Hahn RA, Truman BI, Williams DR. Civil rights as determinants of public health and racial and ethnic health equity: health care, education, employment, and housing in the United States. SSM - population health. 2018;4:17–24.
Bell SD. The long shadow: decreasing barriers to employment, housing, and civic participation for people with criminal records will improve public safety and strengthen the economy. W St L Rev. 2014;42:1.
Loafman L, Little A. Race, employment, and crime: the shifting landscape of disparate impact discrimination based on criminal convictions. Am Bus Law J. 2014;51(2):251–314.
Frank JW, Wang EA, Nunez-Smith M, Lee H, Comfort M. Discrimination based on criminal record and healthcare utilization among men recently released from prison: a descriptive study. Health Justice. 2014;2:6.
Turney K, Lee H, Comfort M. Discrimination and psychological distress among recently released male prisoners. Am J Mens Health. 2013;7(6):482–493.
Fahmy N, Kouyoumdjian FG, Berkowitz J, Fahmy S, Neves CM, Hwang SW, et al. Access to primary care for persons recently released from prison. Ann Fam Med. 2018;16(6):549–51.
Weech-Maldonado R, Hall A, Bryant T, Jenkins KA, Elliott MN. The relationship between perceived discrimination and patient experiences with health care. Med Care. 2012;50(9 Suppl 2):S62–8.
Stepanikova I, Oates GR. Perceived discrimination and privilege in health care: the role of socioeconomic status and race. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(1s1):S86–s94.
Abramson CM, Hashemi M, Sanchez-Jankowski M. Perceived discrimination in U.S. healthcare: charting the effects of key social characteristics within and across racial groups. Prev Med Rep. 2015;2:615–21.
Haywood C Jr, Lanzkron S, Bediako S, et al. Perceived discrimination, patient trust, and adherence to medical recommendations among persons with sickle cell disease. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(12):1657–62.
Monk EP Jr. The cost of color: skin color, discrimination, and health among African-Americans. AJS; American journal of sociology. 2015;121(2):396–444.
Gonzales KL, Lambert WE, Fu R, Jacob M, Harding AK. Perceived racial discrimination in health care, completion of standard diabetes services, and diabetes control among a sample of American Indian women. The Diabetes educator. 2014;40(6):747–55.
Hartney C, Vuong L. Created equal: racial and ethnic disparities in the US criminal justice system. Oakland, California: National Council on Crime and Delinquency; 2009.
Shavit S, Aminawung JA, Birnbaum N, Greenberg S, Berthold T, Fishman A, et al. Transitions clinic network: challenges and lessons in primary care for people released from prison. Health Aff. 2017;36(6):1006–15.
Wang EA, Hong CS, Samuels L, Shavit S, Sanders R, Kushel M. Transitions clinic: creating a community-based model of health care for recently released California prisoners. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(2):171–7.
Wang EA, Hong CS, Shavit S, Sanders R, Kessell E, Kushel MB. Engaging individuals recently released from prison into primary care: a randomized trial. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(9):22–9.
Van Houtven CH, Voils CI, Oddone EZ, et al. Perceived discrimination and reported delay of pharmacy prescriptions and medical tests. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(7):578–83.
Casagrande SS, Gary TL, LaVeist TA, Gaskin DJ, Cooper LA. Perceived discrimination and adherence to medical care in a racially integrated community. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(3):389–95.
Trivedi AN, Ayanian JZ. Perceived discrimination and use of preventive health services. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(6):553–8.
Hausmann LR, Jeong K, Bost JE, Ibrahim SA. Perceived discrimination in health care and use of preventive health services. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(10):1679–84.
Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.
Benjamins MR. Race/ethnic discrimination and preventive service utilization in a sample of Whites, Blacks, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. Med Care. 2012;50(10):870–6.
Hausmann LR, Hannon MJ, Kresevic DM, Hanusa BH, Kwoh CK, Ibrahim SA. Impact of perceived discrimination in healthcare on patient-provider communication. Med Care. 2011;49(7):626–33.
LaVeist TA, Nickerson KJ, Bowie JV. Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients. Med Care Res Rev. 2000;57(Suppl 1):146–61.
Measures of material hardship: final report. In. Washington DC: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; April 2004. Washington DC.
Rabuy B, Kopf D. Prisons of poverty: uncovering the pre-incarceration incomes of the imprisoned. Easthampton, Massachusetts: Prison Policy Initiative. July 9, 2015.
Brinkley-Rubinstein L. Understanding the effects of multiple stigmas among formerly incarcerated HIV-positive African American men. AIDS Educ Prev. 2015;27(2):167–79.
Cuellar AE, Cheema J. As roughly 700,000 prisoners are released annually, about half will gain health coverage and care under federal laws. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(5):931–8.