Peptide Growth Factors and Prostate Cancer: New Models, New Opportunities

Greenberg NM, DeMayo FJ, Sheppard PC, Barrios R, Lebovitz R, Finegold M, Angelopolou R, Dodd JG, Duckworth ML, Rosen JM, Matusik RJ: The rat probasin gene promoter directs hormonally and developmentally regulated expression of a heterologous gene specifically to the prostate in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 8: 230-239, 1994 Greenberg NM, DeMayo F, Finegold MJ, Medina D, Tilley WD, Aspinall JO, Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Matusik RJ, Rosen JM: Prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 3439-3443, 1995 Gingrich JR, Barrios RJ, Morton RA, Boyce BF, DeMayo FJ, Finegold MJ, Angelopoulou R, Rosen JM, Greenberg MM: Metastatic prostate cancer in a transgenic mouse. Canc Res 56: 4096-4102, 1996 Gingrich JR, Barrios RJ, Kattan MW, Nahm HS, Finegold MJ, Greenberg NM: Androgen-independent prostate cancer progression in theTRAMPmodel. Canc Res 57: 4687-4691, 1997 Ohbayashi N, Hoshikawa M, Kimura S, Yamasaki M, Fukui S, Itoh N: Structure and expression of the mRNA encoding a novel fibroblast growth factor, FGF-18. J Biol Chem 273: 18161-18164, 1998 McKeehan WL, Wang F, Kan M: The heparan sulfate-fibroblast growth factor family: Diversity of structure and function. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 59: 135-176, 1998 Shi E, Kan M, Xu J, Wang F, Hou J, McKeehan W: Control of FGF receptor kinase signal transduction by heterodimerization of combinatorial splice variants. Mol Cell Biol 13: 3907-3918, 1993 Mohammadi M, Honegger AM, Rptom D, Fischer R, Bellot F, Li W, Dionne CA, Jaye M, Rubinstein M, Schlessinger J: A tyrosine-phosphorylated carboxy-terminal peptide of the fibroblast growth factor (Flg) is a binding site for the SH2 domain of phospholipase C-gamma 1. Mol Cell Biol 11: 5068-5078, 1991 Selfors LM, Schutzman JL, Borland CZ, Stern MJ: soc-2 encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein implicated in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling. PNAS 95: 6903-6908, 1998 Kouhara H, Hadari YR, Spivak-Kroizman T, Schilling J, Bar-Sagi D, Lax I, Schlissinger J: A lipid-anchored Grb2-binding protein that links FGF-receptor activation to the ras/MAPK signalling pathway. Cell 89: 693-702, 1997 Vincent S, Wilson R, Coelho C, Affolter M, Leptin M: The Drosophila protein Dof is specifically required for FGF signaling. Mol Cell 2: 515-525, 1998 Kokel M, Borland CZ, DeLong L, Horvitz HR, Stern MJ: clr-1 encodes a receptor tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates an FGF receptor signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gen Develop 12: 1425-1437, 1998 MacArthur CA, Lawshe A, Xu J, Santos-Ocampo S, Heikinheimo M, Chellaiah A, Ornitz D: FGF-8 isoforms activate receptor splice forms that are expressed in mesenchymal regions of mouse development. Development 121: 3603-3613, 1995 Carstens RP, Eaton JV, Krigman HR, Walther PJ, Garcia-Blanco MA: Alternative splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGF-R2) in human prostate cancer. Oncogene 15: 3059-3065, 1997 Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS, Mee S, Bigsby RM, Higgins, SJ, Sugimura Y: The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocrine Rev 8: 338-363, 1987 Cunha GR, Alarid ET, Turner T, Donjacour AA, Boutin EL, Foster BA: Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract: Role of androgens, mesenchymalepithelial interactions and growth factors. J Andrology 13: 465-475, 1992 Cunha GR, Foster BA, Sugimura Y, Hom YK: Keratinocyte growth factor as mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the development of androgen target organs. Sem Cell Develop Biol 7: 203-210, 1996 Wilson J, George F, Griffin J: The hormonal control of sexual development. Science 211: 1278-1284, 1981 Yan G, Fukabori Y, Nikolaropoulos S, Wang F, McKeehan WL: Heparin-binding keratinocyte growth factor is a candidate stromal to epithelial cell andromedin. Mol Endocrinol 6: 2123-2128, 1992 Sugimura Y, Foster BA, Hom YH, Lipschutz JH, Rubin JS, Finch PW, Aaronson SA, Hayashi N, Kawamura J, Cunha GR: Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) can replace testosterone in the ductal branching morphogenesis of the rat ventral prostate. Int J Dev Biol 40: 941-951, 1996 Fasciana C, van der Made A, Faber P, Trapman J: Androgen regulation of the rat keratinocyte growth factor (KGF/FGF-7) promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Com 220: 858-863, 1996 McGarveyTW, Stearns ME: Keratinocyte growth factor and receptor mRNA expression in benign and malignant human prostate. Exper Mol Pathol 63: 52-62, 1995 Yan G, Fukabori Y, McBride G, Nikolaropolous S, McKeehan WL: Exon switching and activation of stromal and embryonic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) - FGF receptor genes in prostate epithelial cells accompany stromal independence and malignancy. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4513-4522, 1993 Feng S, Wang F, Matsubara A, Kan M, McKeehan WL: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 limits and receptor 1 accelerates tumorigenicity of prostate epithelial cells. Canc Res 57: 5369-5378, 1997 Matsubara A, Kan M, Feng S, McKeehan WL: Inhibition of growth of malignant rat prostate tumor cells by restoration of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Canc Res 58: 1509-1514, 1998 Jones JI, Clemmons DR: Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: Biological actions. Endocrine Reviews 16: 3-34, 1995 LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT: Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocrine Reviews 16: 143-163, 1995 White MF, Kahn RC: The insulin signaling system. J Biol Chem 269: 1-4, 1994 Morrione A, Valentinis B, Li S, Ooi JYT, Margolis B, Baserga R: Grb 10: A new substrate of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Canc Res 56: 3165-3167, 1996 Bates P, Fisher R, Ward A, Richardson L, Hill DJ, Graham CF: Mammary cancer in transgenic mice expressing insulin-like growth factor II. Brit J Canc 72: 1189-1193, 1995 Rajaram S, Baylink DJ, Mohan S: Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: Regulation and functions. Endocrine Reviews 18: 801-831, 1997 Collett-Solberg PF, Cohen P: The role of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and the IGFBP proteases in modulating IGF action. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 25: 591-614, 1996 Cohen P, Peehl DM, Lamson G, Rosenfeld RG: Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 401-407, 1991 Cohen P, Peehl DM, Baker B: Insulin-like growth factor axis abnormalities in prostatic stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 1410-1415, 1994 Peehl DM, Cohen P, Rosenfeld RG: The role of insulin-like growth factors in prostate biology. J Androl 17: 2-4, 1996 Tennant MK, Thrasher JB, Twomey PA, Drivdahl RH, Birnbaum RS, Plymate, SR: Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor is decreased and IGF-II mRNA is increased in human prostate carcinoma compared to benign prostate epithelium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3774-3782, 1996 Tennant MK, Thrasher JB, Twomey PA, Birnbaum RS, Plymate SR: Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 and-3 expression in benign human prostate epithelium, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 411-420, 1996 Peehl DM, Cohen P, Rosenfeld RG: The insulin-like growth factor system in the prostate. World J Urol 13: 306-311, 1995 Figueroa JA, Lee AV, Jackson JG, Yee D: Proliferation of cultured human prostate cancer cells is inhibited by insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1: Evidence for an IGF-II autocrine growth loop. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80: 3476-3482, 1995 Pietrzkowski Z, Mulholland G, Gomella L, Jameson BA, Wernicke D, Baserga R: Inhibition of growth of prostate cancer cell lines by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1. Canc Res 53: 1102-1106, 1993 Iwamura M, Sluss PM, Casamento JB, Cockett AT: Insulin-like growth factor I: Action and receptor characterization in human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate 22: 243-252, 1993 Burfeind P, Chernicky CL, Rininsland F, Ilan J, Ilan J: Anti-sense RNA to the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor suppresses tumor growth and prevents invasion by rat prostate cancer cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93: 7263-7268, 1996 Plymate SR, Tennant M, Birnbaum RS, Thrasher JB, Chatta G, Ware JL: The effects on the insulin-like growth factor system in human prostate epithelial cells of immortalization and transformation by Simian Virus-40 T antigen. J Clinical Endocrinol and Metab 81: 3709-3716, 1996 Plymate SR, Bae VL, Maddison L, Quinn LS, Ware JL: Reexpression of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibits the malignant phenotype of simian virus 40 T antigen immortalized human prostate epithelial cells. Endocrinology 138: 1728-1735, 1997 Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Gann PH, Ma J, Wilkinson P, Hennekens CH, Pollak M: Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study. Science 279: 563-566, 1998 Wolk A, Mantzoros CS, Andersson S-O, Bergstrom R, Signorello LB, Lagiou P, Adami H-O, Trichopoulos D: Insulin-like growth factor-1 and prostate cancer risk: A population-based, case-control study. J Nat Canc Inst 90: 911-915, 1998 Mantzoros CS, Tzonou A, Signorello LB, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D, Adami H-O: Insulin-like growth factor 1 in relation to prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Brit J Canc 76: 1115-1118, 1997 Cohen P: Serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and prostate cancer risk - interpreting the evidence. J Nat Canc Inst 90: 876-879, 1998 Cohen P, Peehl DM, Stamey TA, Wilson KF, Clemmons DR, Rosenfeld RG: Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 in the serum of prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76: 1031-1035, 1993 Kanety H, Madjar Y, Dagan Y, Levi J, Papa MZ, Pariente C, Goldwasser B, Karasik A: Serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is increased and IGFBP-3 is decreased in patients with prostate cancer: Correlation with serum prostate-specific antigen. J Clin Endocrinol and Metab 77: 229-233, 1993 Thrasher BJ, Tennant MK, Twomey PA, Hansberry KL, Wettlaufer JN, Plymate SR: Immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3 in prostate tissue: Clinical correlations. J Urol 155: 999-1003, 1996 Cohen P, Graves HC, Peehl DM, Kamarei M, Giudice LC, Rosenfeld RG: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75: 1046-1053, 1992 Cohen P, Peehl DM, Graves HCB, Rosenfeld RG: Biological effects of prostate specific antigen as an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease. J Endocrinol 142: 407-415, 1994 Rittenhouse HG, Finlay JA, Mikolajczyk SD, Partin AW: Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Two closely related, but distinct, kallikreins in the prostate. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sciences 34: 1998 Oh Y, Muller HL, Lee D-Y, Fielder PJ, Rosenfeld RG: Characterization of the affinities of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins 1-4 for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I/insulin hybrid, and IGF-I analogs, Endocrinology 132: 1337-1344, 1993