Penetration Depth of Torpedo Anchor in Two-Layered Cohesive Soil Bed by Free Fall
Tóm tắt
The penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was experimentally investigated. A total of 177 experimental data were obtained in laboratory by varying the undrained shear strength of the two-layered soil and the thickness of the top soil layer. The geometric parameters of the anchor and the soil properties (the liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, undrained shear strength, density, and water content) were measured. Based on the energy analysis and present test data, an empirical formula to predict the penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was proposed. The proposed formula was extensively validated by laboratory and field data of previous researchers. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for two-layered and single-layered soil bed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in the formula was performed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Audibert, J.M.E., Movant, M.N., Jeong-Yun, W. and Gilbert, R.B., 2006. Torpedo piles: Laboratory and field research, Proceedings of the 16th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE, San Francisco, California, USA.
Colliat, J.L., Dendani, H., Puech, A. and Nauroy, J.F., 2011. Gulf of Guinea deepwater sediments: Geotechnical properties, design issues and installation experiences, Proceedings of International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, ISFOG, Perth, Australia.
Hossain, M.S., Kim, Y.H. and Gaudin, C, 2014a. Experimental investigation of installation and pullout of dynamically penetrating anchors in clay and silt, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(7), 04014026.
Hossain, M.S., O’Loughlin, C.D. and Gaudin, C. 2014b. A new technique to reconstitute crust layers for model testing, Proceedings of International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, ICPMG, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 325–330.
Hossain, M.S., O’Loughlin, C.D. and Kim, Y., 2015. Dynamic installation and monotonic pullout of a torpedo anchor in calcareous silt, Géotechnique, 65(2), 77–90.
Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S. and Lee, J.K., 2018. Dynamic Installation of a torpedo anchor in two-layered clays, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 55(3), 446–454.
Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S. and Wang, D., 2015a. Effect of strain rate and strain softening on embedment depth of a torpedo anchor in clay, Ocean Engineering, 108, 704–715.
Kim, Y.H., Hossain, M.S., Wang, D. and Randolph, M.F., 2015b. Numerical investigation of dynamic installation of torpedo anchors in clay, Ocean Engineering, 108, 820–832.
Kuo, M. and Bolton, M, 2013. The nature and origin of deep ocean clay crust from the Gulf of Guinea, Géotechnique, 63(6), 500–509.
Lee, J.K., Jeong, S. and Shang, J.Q., 2016. Undrained bearing capacity of ring foundations on two-layered clays, Ocean Engineering, 119, 47–57.
Lieng, J.T., Tjelta, T.I. and Skaugset, K., 2010. Installation of two prototype deep penetrating anchors at the Gjoa Field in the North Sea, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, OTC, Houston, USA.
Lunne, T., Long, M. and Uzielli, M., 2006. Characterisation and engineering properties of Troll Clay, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Characterisation and Engineering Properties of Natural Soils, Taylor and Francis Group, Singapore.
Lunne, T., Robertson, P.K. and Powell, J.J.M., 1997. Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice, Blackie, London.
Medeiros Jr., C.J., 2002. Low cost anchor system for flexible risers in deep waters, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, OTC, Houston, USA.
O’Beirne, C., O’Loughlin, C.D. and Gaudin, C., 2017. Assessing the penetration resistance acting on a dynamically installed anchor in normally consolidated and overconsolidated clay, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 54(1), 1–17.
O’Beirne, C., O’Loughlin, C.D. and Gaudin, C., 2017. A release-torest model for dynamically installed anchors, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 143(9), 04017052.
O’Loughlin, C.D., Randolph, M.F. and Richardson, M., 2004. Experimental and theoretical studies of deep penetrating anchors, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, OTC, Texas, USA.
O’Loughlin, C.D., Richardson, M.D. and Randolph, M.F., 2009. Centrifuge tests on dynamically installed anchors, Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, ASME, Hawaii, USA.
O’Loughlin, C.D., Richardson, M.D., Randolph, M.F. and Gaudin, C., 2013. Penetration of dynamically installed anchors in clay, Géotechnique, 63(11), 909–919.
Richardson, M.D., 2008. Dynamically Installed Anchors for Floating Offshore Structures, Ph. D. Thesis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Richardson, M.D., O’Loughlin, C.D., Randolph, M.F. and Gaudin, C., 2009. Setup following installation of dynamic anchors in normally consolidated clay, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(4), 487–496.
Skempton, A.W. 1951. The bearing capacity of clays, Proceedings of Building Research Congress, Institution of Civil Engineers, London.
Steiner, A., Kopf, A.J., L’Heureux, J.S., Kreiter, S., Stegmann, S., Haflidason, H. and Moerz, T., 2014. In situ dynamic piezocone penetrometer tests in natural clayey soils—a reappraisal of strain-rate corrections, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(3), 272–288.
Sturm, H., Lieng, J.T. and Saygili, G., 2011. Effect of soil variability on the penetration depth of dynamically installed drop anchors, Proceedings of Offshore Technology Conference, OTC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R.B., 1967. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, second ed., John Wiley and Sons, London.
True, D.G., 1976. Undrained Vertical Penetration into Ocean Bottom Soils, Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Wang, W.K., Wang, X.F. and Yu, G.L., 2016. Penetration depth of torpedo anchor in cohesive soil by free fall, Ocean Engineering, 116, 286–294.