Peak-period supplements: The contemporary economics of urban bus transport in the U.K. and U.S.A.

Tyson, 1976, The rationale of public transport subsidies, Town Planning Review, 47, 315, 10.3828/tpr.47.4.92534w1556h7rj22 Webster, 1975, Bus travel and the next ten years American Public Transit Association, 1977 Pryke, 1977, The casc against subsidies A.M. Voorhees and Associates, 1977 American Public Transit Association, 1978 shows the following levels and rates of change for industry average bus fares: YearAverage Fare (¢)%Change197132.23 0-197233.07+2.61197332.40− 2.02197431.76− 1.96197531.99+0.72197632.77+2.44197734.90+6.50 Roos, 1976, Conference summary Davis, 1977 Webster, 1975, Bus travel and the next ten years This is not to imply that the private market is an acceptable provider of transit service for the full scale of operations. Public subsidy of transit is justified for a variety of reasons, as is limited consolidation of the market. See discussion of this in Chapter 2 and Appendix 1. Hibbs, 1963 Ponsonby, 1969 Hilton, 1974 Plant, 1932, Co-ordination and competition in transport, Journal of the Institute of Transport, 13 Dyos, 1969, British Transport Hilton, 1972, The jitneys, Journal of Law and Economics, 15 Mundle, 1978 Webster, 1975, Bus travel and the next ten years Ballou, 1978 Hibbs, 1963, Transport for Passengers, 54 White, 1976, Planning for Public Transport, 121 White, 1976, Analysis of recent trends in demand, cost, and efficiency in urban bus operation Mundy, 121975, Integration of Paratransit and conventional transit: problems and positive directions, 74 Tyson, 1972, The peak in road passenger transport, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, V Fletcher, 1972, The peak in road passenger transport: a comment, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, VI Reilly, 1977, Transit costs during peak and off-peak hours Fielding, 121975, Demand responsive transit: an overview of integrated systems, 74 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 74 1977 Pikarsky, 1967, Urban Transportation Policy and Management, 167 Orski, 1975, Pantransit: The coming of age of a transportation concept, Transportation, 4, 10.1007/BF00174734 Hibbs, 1971, Sub-contracting in road transport, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 11 Bautz, 1975, Subscription service in the United States, Transportation, 4, 10.1007/BF00174738 Sherman, 1967, Club subscriptions for public transit passengers, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 1 Ponsonby, 1969, Transport Policy: Co-ordination Through Competition, 21 Kolsen, 1969 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 54 Mundy, 1976, Integration of paratrasit and convational transit: Problems and positive directions Sullivan, 1972, New Methods of Public Transport Administration: The Public Marketing Agency U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 1975, Evaluation of the Shirley Highway Express-Bus-on Freeway Demonstration Project 1977, 5 1977, 5 Richardson, 1971, Urban Economics, 104 White, 1960, The problem of the peak, Journal of the Institute of Transport, 275 Thomas, 1968, Political and Economic Planning, Broadsheet No. 504, Journeys to Work Lyle C. Fitch and Associates, 1964, Urban Transportation and Public Policy, 37 Owen, 1956 Smerk, 1965, Urban Transportation: The Federal Role, 43 White, 1974, Use of public transport in towns and cities of Britain and Ireland, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 8 1977, 5 Wabe, 1975, The peak and off-peak demand for bus transport: A cross sectional analysis of British municipal operators, Applied Economics, 7, 10.1080/00036847500000004 1976 Neal, 1960, The problem of the peak — road, Joural of the Institute of Transport White, 1974, Uses of public transport in towns and cities of Britain and Ireland, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 8 White, 1974, New hope in recent trends, Bus and Coach Derived from annual survey data published in Bus and Coach. White, 1976, Planning for Public Transport, 121 1974 1974 1976 Morgan R.Travers and Partners, 1976, Buses in Bradford:Final Report, 135 Beesley, 1969, A study of the profits of bus companies 1960–1966, Economica, XXXVI Arthur Andersen and Co, 1974, Bus Route Costing for Planning Purposes Arthur Andersen and Co, 1974, Bus Route Costing for Planning Purposes, 77 Ponsonby, 1969, Transport Policy: Co-ordination through Competition Hibbs, 1971, Transport for Passengers Tyson, 1970, A study of peak coat and pricing in road passenger transport, Institute of Transport Journal White, 1974, Use of public transport in towns and cities of Britain and Ireland, Journal Transport Economics and Policy, 8 Tyson, 1970, A study of peak coat and pricing in road passenger transport, Institute of Transport Journal Beesley, 1969, A study of the profits of bus companies 1960–1966, Economica, XXXVI White, 1960, The problem of the peak, Journal of the Institute of Transport Wabe, 1975, The long and short run cost of bus transport in urban areas, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 9 White, 1960, The problem of the peak, Journal of the Institute of Transport Wabe, 1975, The long and short run cost of bus transport in urban areas, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 9 Webster, 1975, Bus transport and the next ten years Burbank, 1978, Transit financing trends and outlook, 201 Beesley, 1977, Transport policy a the U.K., Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 11 Derived from American Public Transit Association, 1978 White, 1976, Analysis of recent trends in demand, cost and efficiency in urban bus operations Donnelly, 1975, Preference Elasticities of Transit Fare Increases and Decreases by Demographic Groups Weiss, 1976, Revenue, Ridership and Equity of Differential Time-of-Day Fares Burbank, 1978, Transit financing trends and outlook, 201 Holthoff, 1975, Cost Increases, Cost Differences and Productivity of Transit Operations in New York State, 58 King, 1977, Factors Influencing Transit Productivity Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 23 Lieb, 1976, Labour in the Transit Industry, 47 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 23 Lieb, 1976, Labour in the Transit Industry, 47 Lieb, 1976, Labour in the Transit Industry, 47 Kendrick, 1973, Postwar Productivity Trends in the United States 1948–1969, 41 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 23 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 33 Deakin, 1969 see p. 128,173,197 and else where. Sharp, 1975, Constraints for scheduling operators for urban public transit systems Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 81 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 82 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 71 Smith, 1976, Labor Supply ana. Employment Duration in London Transport Baumol, 1967, Macroeconomics of unbalanced growth: The anatomy of urban crisis, American Economic Review White, 1976, Analysis of recent trends in demand, cost and efficiency in urban bus operations Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 73 Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 184 Koshal, 1972, Economies of scale in bus transport: Some U.S. experience, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, VI Koshal, 1970, Economies of scale in bus transport: Some Indian experience, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, IV Lee, 1970, Economies of scale in bus transport: Some British municipal results, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, IV Wabe, 1975, The long and short run cost of bus transport in urban areas, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 9 U.K. Ministry of Transport, 1967 Ponsonby, 1963, What is an unremunerative transport service, Journal of the Institute ofTransport, 95 Talvitie, 1974, A Route Cost Model for buses, 1 £2.79 per payable hour is the unit crew price for two-man (i.e. with conductor) operation. The one-man-operated payable hour unit cost is £1.74. In 1974, 86% of crews in Bradford (where the Morgan study was performed) were two-man operated. Arthur Andersen Co, 1974, Bus Route Costing for Planning Purposes 1975, Symposium on the Costing of Bus Operations Morgan R. Travers and Partners, 1976 McClenahan, 1978, Two methods of Estimating the Crew Costs of Bus Service U.K. National Bus Company, 1973 Chartered Institute of Public Finance Accountancy, 1974 Collins, 1971, On a Crew Cost Model for Buses Simpson and Curtin Associates, 1974 Local Government Operational Research Unit, 1976, Estimating Future Costs of Operating Buses Wilson, 1975, Forecasting Bus Transit Operating Costs Wilson, 1977, The costs of operating buses in U.S. cities, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, XI Cherwony, 1977, A cost centers approach to transit performance Cherwony, 1978, Peak-base cost allocation models Reilly, 1977, Transit costs during pule and off-peak hours, 3 Reilly, 1977, Transit costs during pule and off-peak hours, 3 1979, Passenger Transport, 6 Reilly, 1977, Transit costs during pule and off-peak hours, 3 Topham, 1968, Road passenger transport in unremunerative areas, Yorkshire Bulletin of Economic and Social Research, 20, 10.1111/j.1467-8586.1968.tb00037.x Reilly, 1977, Transit costs during pule and off-peak hours, 25 Ponsonby, 1963, What is an unremunerative service?, Journal of the Institute of Transport Weiss, 1976, Revenue, Ridership Equity of Differential Time of Day Fares Meyer, 1977, Improving Urban Mass Transportation Productivity, 59 1977, Symposium on Unconventional Bus Services Summaries of Papers and Discussions Orski, 1976, Paratrandsit: The coming of age of a transportation concept Aex, 1975, Demand responsive transit and the integration of D/R systems with traditional transit, Transportation, 4, 10.1007/BF00174740 Kirby, 1975, Some promising innovations in taxicab operations, Transportation, 4, 10.1007/BF00174737 Young, 1978, Commuter buses — A transit phenomenon, Mass Transit Fouracre, 1977, Intermediate Public Transport in Developing Countries 1977 Schnenner, 1976, Bus subsidies: The case for route by route bidding in Connecticut, Policy Analysis Chester, 1936 Healy, 1977, The sociology of urban transportation planning, 277 Colcord, 1976, Review of M. Pikarsky and D. Christcnsen 1977, Transportation, 6, 314 Roos, 1976, Conference summary, 220 Davis, 1978, Will the reaction of the auto transportation system to the energy crisis be technological or institutional?, Transportation Engineering 1978 1977