Jungherr, 2016, Twitter use in election campaigns: A systematic literature review, J. Inf. Technol. Politics, 13, 72, 10.1080/19331681.2015.1132401
Vargo, 2014, Network issue agendas on Twitter during the 2012 US presidential election, J. Commun., 64, 296, 10.1111/jcom.12089
L. Teernstra, J. Uitermark, P. Tornberg, Politicians’ retweet networks: Political coalitions and divisions on Twitter in 23 countries, University of Amsterdam, Working paper, 2018.
Conover, 2011, Political polarization on twitter, Icwsm, 133, 89
Esteve Del Valle, 2018, Echo chambers in parliamentary Twitter networks: The catalan case, Int. J. Commun., 12, 21
Borge Bravo, 2017, Opinion leadership in parliamentary Twitter networks: A matter of layers of interaction?, J. Inf. Technol. Politics, 14, 263, 10.1080/19331681.2017.1337602
Cherepnalkoski, 2016, Retweet networks of the European parliament: evaluation of the community structure, Appl. Netw. Sci., 1, 1, 10.1007/s41109-016-0001-4
Grant, 2010, Digital dialogue? Australian politicians’ use of the social network tool Twitter, Aust. J. Political Sci., 45, 579, 10.1080/10361146.2010.517176
Siegel, 2011, Social networks in comparative perspective, PS: Political Sci. Politics, 44, 51
Druckman, 2013, How elite partisan polarization affects public opinion formation, Am. Political Sci. Rev., 57, 10.1017/S0003055412000500
Bimber, 2003
Bakshy, 2015, Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on facebook, Science, 348, 1130, 10.1126/science.aaa1160
Conover, 2012, Partisan asymmetries in online political activity, EPJ Data Sci., 1, 6, 10.1140/epjds6
Barberá, 2015, Birds of the same feather tweet together: Bayesian ideal point estimation using Twitter data, Political Anal., 23, 76, 10.1093/pan/mpu011
Garcia, 2015, Ideological and temporal components of network polarization in online political participatory media, Policy Internet, 7, 46, 10.1002/poi3.82
Gruzd, 2014, Investigating political polarization on Twitter: A Canadian perspective, Policy Internet, 6, 28, 10.1002/1944-2866.POI354
Quattrociocchi, 2016
Guess, 2018, Avoiding the echo chamber about echo chambers, Knight Found.
Barberá, 2015, Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber?, Psychol. Sci., 26, 1531, 10.1177/0956797615594620
Boxell, 2017, Greater internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114, 10612, 10.1073/pnas.1706588114
Moeller, 2018
Vaccari, 2016, Of echo chambers and contrarian clubs: Exposure to political disagreement among german and Italian users of Twitter, Soc. Media+ Soc., 2
O’donnell, 2013
Higley, 1989, The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns, Am. Sociol. Rev., 17, 10.2307/2095659
Cook, 2016, Are American politicians as partisan online as they are offline? Twitter networks in the US senate and maine state legislature, Policy Internet, 8, 55, 10.1002/poi3.109
Robles, 2020, Affective homogeneity in the spanish general election debate. A comparative analysis of social networks political agents, Inf. Commun. Soc., 23, 216, 10.1080/1369118X.2018.1499792
Lijphart, 2012
Reynolds, 1999
Vera, 2006, Network analysis in comparative social sciences, Comp. Educ., 42, 405, 10.1080/03050060600876723
Fischer, 2011, Social network analysis and qualitative comparative analysis: Their mutual benefit for the explanation of policy network structures, Methodol. Innov. Online, 6, 27, 10.4256/mio.2010.0034
Urman, 2020, Context matters: political polarization on Twitter from a comparative perspective, Media Cult. Soc., 42, 857, 10.1177/0163443719876541
Van Vliet, 2020, The Twitter parliamentarian database: Analyzing Twitter politics across 26 countries, PLoS One, 15
Shi, 2017, Understanding and predicting individual retweeting behavior: Receiver perspectives, Appl. Soft Comput., 60, 844, 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.08.044
Graham, 2016, New platform, old habits? Candidates’ use of Twitter during the 2010 british and dutch general election campaigns, New Media Soc., 18, 765, 10.1177/1461444814546728
O. Goga, G. Venkatadri, K.P. Gummadi, The doppelgänger bot attack: Exploring identity impersonation in online social networks, in: Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference, 2015, pp. 141–153.
EIU, 2020
IDEA, 2019
Bértoa, 2020
Gross, 2008, Dances with wolves: A meditation on the media and political system in the European union’s Romania, 125
Radecki, 2016, Party leadership in Poland in comparative perspective, Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-SkłOdowska, Sect. K–Politologia, 22, 135, 10.17951/k.2015.22.1.135
Christensen, 2005, The ukrainian orange revolution brought more than a new president: What kind of democracy will the institutional changes bring?, Communist Post-Communist Stud., 38, 207, 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.03.006
Chaisty, 2008, The legislative effects of presidential partisan powers in post-communist Russia, Gov. Oppos., 43, 424, 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2008.00261.x
Himelboim, 2017, Classifying Twitter topic-networks using social network analysis, Soc. Media+ Soc., 3
Jackson, 2010
LD, 2017, Flocking based evolutionary computation strategy for measuring centrality of online social networks, Appl. Soft Comput., 58, 495, 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.04.047
Valente, 1996, Social network thresholds in the diffusion of innovations, Social Networks, 18, 69, 10.1016/0378-8733(95)00256-1
Freeman, 1978, Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification, Social Networks, 1, 215, 10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7
Newman, 2010
Blondel, 2008, Fast unfolding of communities in large networks, J. Stat. Mech. Theory Exp., 2008, P10008, 10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Krackhardt, 1988, Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation, Soc. Psychol. Q., 123, 10.2307/2786835
Volkens, 2020
StatCounter, 2019
Worldbank, 2019
Curtin, 1998, Multiple correlations and Bonferroni’s correction, Biol. Psychiat., 44, 775, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00043-2
Tworzecki, 2019, Poland: A case of top-down polarization, Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci., 681, 97, 10.1177/0002716218809322
Fruchterman, 1991, Graph drawing by force-directed placement, Softw. - Pract. Exp., 21, 1129, 10.1002/spe.4380211102
Khatua, 2020, Predicting political sentiments of voters from Twitter in multi-party contexts, Appl. Soft Comput., 97, 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106743
Al-Ayyoub, 2018, Studying the controversy in online crowds’ interactions, Appl. Soft Comput., 66, 557, 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.03.022