Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy

Floege, 1998, Recurrent IgA nephropathy after kidney transplantation, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13, 1933, 10.1093/ndt/13.8.1933 Cuevas, 1987, Disappearance of mesangial IgA deposits from the kidneys of two donors after transplantation, Transplant Proc, 19, 2208 Sanfilippo, 1982, Fate of four cadaveric donor renal allografts with mesangial IgA deposits, Transplantation, 33, 370, 10.1097/00007890-198204000-00006 Viertel, 2000, Renal involvement in HIV-infection. Results from the Frankfurt AIDS Cohort Study (FACS) and a review of the literature, Eur J Med Res, 5, 185 Davin, 2001, What is the difference between IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis?, Kidney Int, 59, 823, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059003823.x Kerr, 1990, The structure and function of human IgA, Biochem J, 271, 285, 10.1042/bj2710285 Johansen, 2000, Role of J chain in secretory immunoglobulin formation, Scand J Immunol, 52, 240, 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2000.00790.x Russell, 1999, Biological activities of IgA, 225 Mestecky, 1999, Intestinal IgA, Gut, 44, 2, 10.1136/gut.44.1.2 Layward, 1994, Low antibody affinity restricted to the IgA isotype in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 95, 35, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06011.x Lycke, 1998, T cell and cytokine regulation of the IgA response, Chem Immunol, 71, 209, 10.1159/000058712 Defrance, 1992, Interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta cooperate to induce anti-CD40-activated naive human B cells to secrete immunoglobulin A, J Exp Med, 175, 671, 10.1084/jem.175.3.671 Fujihashi, 1997, A T cell/B cell/epithelial cell Internet for mucosal inflammation and immunity, Springer Semin Immunopathol, 18, 477, 10.1007/BF00824054 Abreu-Martin, 1996, Regulation of immune responses of the intestinal mucosa, Crit Rev Immunol, 16, 277, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v16.i3.30 Brandtzaeg, 1999, The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands, Immunol Rev, 171, 45, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01342.x Wiedle, 2001, Current concepts in lymphocyte homing and recirculation, Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 38, 1, 10.1080/20014091084164 Pabst, 1981, In vivo labelling of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes with fluorescein isothiocyanate for lymphocyte migration studies, Immunology, 44, 321 Pabst, 1987, Peyer’s patches export lymphocytes throughout the lymphoid system in sheep, J Immunol, 139, 3981, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.12.3981 Alley, 1986, Murine bone marrow IgA responses to orally administered sheep erythrocytes, J Immunol, 136, 4414, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.12.4414 Simecka, 1998, Mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract and oral tolerance, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 34, 235, 10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00042-8 Roncarolo, 2001, Type 1 T regulatory cells, Immunol Rev, 182, 68, 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2001.1820105.x Ke, 1997, Gamma delta T lymphocytes regulate the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance, J Immunol, 158, 3610 Fujihashi, 1996, Gamma/delta T cell-deficient mice have impaired mucosal immunoglobulin A responses, J Exp Med, 183, 1929, 10.1084/jem.183.4.1929 Chao, 1994, Expression and regulation of adhesion molecules by gamma delta T cells from lymphoid tissues and intestinal epithelium, Eur J Immunol, 24, 3180, 10.1002/eji.1830241240 Lim, 1998, The beta7 integrin gene (Itgb-7) promoter is responsive to TGF-beta1, Immunogenetics, 48, 184, 10.1007/s002510050422 van Egmond, 2000, FcalphaRI-positive liver Kupffer cells, Nat Med, 6, 680, 10.1038/76261 Rifai, 1989, Clearance kinetics and fate of macromolecular IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy, Lab Invest, 61, 381 Rifai, 2000, The N-glycans determine the differential blood clearance and hepatic uptake of human immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 and IgA2 isotypes, J Exp Med, 191, 2171, 10.1084/jem.191.12.2171 Grossetete, 1998, Down-regulation of Fc alpha receptors on blood cells of IgA nephropathy patients, Kidney Int, 53, 1321, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00885.x Feehally, 1988, Immune mechanisms in glomerular IgA deposition, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 3, 361, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a091683 Harada, 1989, Charge distribution of plasma IgA in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 77, 211 Monteiro, 1988, Serum IgA preferentially binds to cationic polypeptides in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 73, 300 Lam, 1991, Light chain ratios of serum immunoglobulins in disease, Clin Biochem, 24, 283, 10.1016/0009-9120(91)80021-T Allen, 1998, IgA glycosylation in IgA nephropathy, Adv Exp Med Biol, 435, 175, 10.1007/978-1-4615-5383-0_17 Allen, 1999, Methodological approaches to the analysis of IgA1 O-glycosylation in IgA nephropathy, J Nephrol, 12, 76 Mestecky, 1993, Defective galactosylation and clearance of IgA1 molecules as a possible etiopathogenic factor in IgA nephropathy, Contrib Nephrol, 104, 172, 10.1159/000422410 Allen, 1999, Analysis of IgA1 O-glycans in IgA nephropathy by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 10, 1763, 10.1681/ASN.V1081763 Hiki, 1996, Association of asialo-galactosyl beta 1–3N-acetylgalactosamine on the hinge with a conformational instability of Jacalin-reactive immunoglobulin A1 in immunoglobulin A nephropathy, J Am Soc Nephrol, 7, 955, 10.1681/ASN.V76955 Hiki, 1998, Analyses of IgA1 hinge glycopeptides in IgA nephropathy by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, J Am Soc Nephrol, 9, 577, 10.1681/ASN.V94577 Hiki, 2001, Mass spectrometry proves under-O-glycosylation of glomerular IgA1 in IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 59, 1077, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590031077.x Leung, 2002, Increased sialylation of polymeric lambda-IgA1 in patients with IgA nephropathy, J Clin Lab Anal, 16, 11, 10.1002/jcla.2035 Boehm, 1999, The Fab and Fc fragments of IgA1 exhibit a different arrangement from that in IgG, J Mol Biol, 286, 1421, 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2556 Kokubo, 1998, Protective role of IgA1 glycans against IgA1 self-aggregation and adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, J Am Soc Nephrol, 9, 2048, 10.1681/ASN.V9112048 O’Donoghue, 1995, Autoantibodies in IgA nephropathy, Contrib Nephrol, 111, 93, 10.1159/000423882 Layward, 1993, Elevation of IgA in IgA nephropathy is localized in the serum and not saliva and is restricted to the IgA1 subclass, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 8, 25, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092266 van den Wall Bake, 1989, Humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in patients with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy. An analysis of isotype distribution and size of the influenza-specific antibodies, J Clin Invest, 84, 1070, 10.1172/JCI114269 Layward, 1992, Increased and prolonged production of specific polymeric IgA after systemic immunization with tetanus toxoid in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 88, 394, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06460.x Fortune, 1992, T and B cell responses following immunization with tetanus toxoid in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 88, 62, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03040.x Kokubo, 2000, Humoral immunity against the proline-rich peptide epitope of the IgA1 hinge region in IgA nephropathy, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 15, 28, 10.1093/ndt/15.1.28 Tomana, 1999, Circulating immune complexes in IgA nephropathy consist of IgA1 with galactose-deficient hinge region and antiglycan antibodies, J Clin Invest, 104, 73, 10.1172/JCI5535 Roccatello, 1991, The fate of aggregated immunoglobulin A injected in IgA nephropathy patients and healthy controls, Am J Kidney Dis, 18, 20, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80285-X Leung, 2002, Size-dependent binding of IgA to HepG2, U937, and human mesangial cells, J Lab Clin Med, 140, 398, 10.1067/mlc.2002.129338 van Zandbergen, 1998, Reduced binding of immunoglobulin A (IgA) from patients with primary IgA nephropathy to the myeloid IgA Fc-receptor, CD89, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13, 3058, 10.1093/ndt/13.12.3058 Hisano, 2001, Mesangial IgA2 deposits and lectin pathway-mediated complement activation in IgA glomerulonephritis, Am J Kidney Dis, 38, 1082, 10.1053/ajkd.2001.28611 Feehally, 1999, Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, Ann Med Interne (Paris), 150, 91 Allen, 2001, Mesangial IgA1 in IgA nephropathy exhibits aberrant O-glycosylation, Kidney Int, 60, 969, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060003969.x Leinikki, 1987, Immune response to oral polio vaccine in patients with IgA glomerulonephritis, Clin Exp Immunol, 68, 33 Barratt, 1999, Exaggerated systemic antibody response to mucosal Helicobacter pylori infection in IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 33, 1049, 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70141-1 Ots, 1999, IgA-antigliadin antibodies in patients with IgA nephropathy, Am J Nephrol, 19, 453, 10.1159/000013497 Westberg, 1983, Quantitation of immunoglobulin-producing cells in small intestinal mucosa of patients with IgA nephropathy, Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 26, 442, 10.1016/0090-1229(83)90130-7 Harper, 1994, Expression of J chain mRNA in duodenal IgA plasma cells in IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 45, 836, 10.1038/ki.1994.110 de Fijter, 1996, Deficient IgA1 immune response to nasal cholera toxin subunit B in primary IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 50, 952, 10.1038/ki.1996.396 van den Wall Bake, 1988, Serum IgA and the production of IgA by peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocytes in patients with primary IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 12, 410, 10.1016/S0272-6386(88)80036-2 Harper, 1996, Increased dimeric IgA producing B cells in the bone marrow in IgA nephropathy determined by in situ hybridisation for J chain mRNA, J Clin Pathol, 49, 38, 10.1136/jcp.49.1.38 Layward, 1993, Systemic and mucosal IgA responses to systemic antigen challenge in IgA nephropathy, Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 69, 306, 10.1006/clin.1993.1185 Ichinose, 1996, Detection of cytokine mRNA-expressing cells in peripheral blood of patients with IgA nephropathy using non-radioactive in situ hybridization, Clin Exp Immunol, 103, 125 Lai, 1994, Increase of both circulating Th1 and Th2 T lymphocyte subsets in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 96, 116, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06240.x Ebihara, 2001, Th2 predominance at the single-cell level in patients with IgA nephropathy, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 1783, 10.1093/ndt/16.9.1783 Lai, 1994, Increased mRNA encoding for transforming factor-beta in CD4+ cells from patients with IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 46, 862, 10.1038/ki.1994.343 de Caestecker, 1993, Detection of abnormal peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokine networks in human IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 44, 1298, 10.1038/ki.1993.382 de Fijter, 1998, Increased IL-10 production by stimulated whole blood cultures in primary IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 111, 429, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00506.x Allen, 1995, Galactosylation of N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties of IgA1 and IgG in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 100, 470, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03724.x Greer, 1998, The nucleotide sequence of the IgA1 hinge region in IgA nephropathy, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13, 1980, 10.1093/ndt/13.8.1980 Allen, 1997, Leucocyte beta 1,3 galactosyltransferase activity in IgA nephropathy, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 12, 701, 10.1093/ndt/12.4.701 Pierce-Cretel, 1981, Heterogeneity of the glycans O-glycosidically linked to the hinge region of secretory immunoglobulins from human milk, Eur J Biochem, 114, 169, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb06188.x Chintalacharuvu, 1997, The glycosylation of IgA produced by murine B cells is altered by Th2 cytokines, J Immunol, 159, 2327 Feehally, 1987, Response of circulating immune complexes to food challenge in relapsing IgA nephropathy, Pediatr Nephrol, 1, 581, 10.1007/BF00853592 Nagy, 1988, Antibodies to dietary antigens in IgA nephropathy, Clin Nephrol, 29, 275 Rostoker, 1991, Mucosal immunity in primary glomerulonephritis, Nephron, 59, 561, 10.1159/000186644 Kennel, 1995, Serum anti-dextran antibodies in IgA nephropathy, Clin Nephrol, 43, 216 Rantala, 1999, Small bowel T cells, HLA class II antigen DR, and GroEL stress protein in IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 55, 2274, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00471.x Rostoker, 2001, Increased intestinal intra-epithelial T lymphocytes in primary glomerulonephritis, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 513, 10.1093/ndt/16.3.513 Olive, 1997, Expression of the mucosal gamma delta T cell receptor V region repertoire in patients with IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 52, 1047, 10.1038/ki.1997.427 Buck, 2002, Expression of T cell receptor variable region families by bone marrow gammadelta T cells in patients with IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 127, 527, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2002.01784.x Toyabe, 2001, Oligoclonally expanding gammadelta T lymphocytes induce IgA switching in IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 124, 110, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01494.x Schlondorff, 1987, The glomerular mesangial cell, FASEB J, 1, 272, 10.1096/fasebj.1.4.3308611 Schlondorff, 1990, Contributions of mesangial cells to glomerular immune functions, Klin Wochenschr, 68, 1138, 10.1007/BF01798065 Waldherr, 1989, Frequency of mesangial IgA deposits in a non-selected autopsy series, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 4, 943, 10.1093/ndt/4.11.943 Hotta, 2002, Regression of IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 39, 493, 10.1053/ajkd.2002.31399 Zickerman, 2000, IgA myeloma presenting as Henoch-Schönlein purpura with nephritis, Am J Kidney Dis, 36, E19, 10.1053/ajkd.2000.16221 Launay, 2000, Fcalpha receptor (CD89) mediates the development of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (Berger’s disease). Evidence for pathogenic soluble receptor-IgA complexes in patients and CD89 transgenic mice, J Exp Med, 191, 1999, 10.1084/jem.191.11.1999 Van Der Boog, 2003, Complexes of IgA with FcalphaRI/CD89 are not specific for primary IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 63, 514, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00756.x Tomino, 1982, Specificity of eluted antibody from renal tissues of patients with IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 1, 276, 10.1016/S0272-6386(82)80025-5 Orfila, 1988, Immunofluorescence characterization of light chains in human nephropathies, Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 412, 591, 10.1007/BF00844295 Moura, 2001, Identification of the transferrin receptor as a novel immunoglobulin (Ig)A1 receptor and its enhanced expression on mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy, J Exp Med, 194, 417, 10.1084/jem.194.4.417 Haddad, 2003, Enhanced expression of the CD71 mesangial IgA1 receptor in Berger disease and Henoch-Schönlein nephritis, J Am Soc Nephrol, 14, 327, 10.1097/01.ASN.0000046961.04917.83 Gomez-Guerrero, 1998, Mesangial cells possess an asialoglycoprotein receptor with affinity for human immunoglobulin A, J Am Soc Nephrol, 9, 568, 10.1681/ASN.V94568 McDonald, 2002, Expression of Fc alpha/mu receptor by human mesangial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 290, 438, 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6218 Barratt, 2000, Identification of a novel Fcalpha receptor expressed by human mesangial cells, Kidney Int, 57, 1936, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00043.x Gomez-Guerrero, 1994, Soluble IgA and IgG aggregates are catabolized by cultured rat mesangial cells and induce production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and proliferation, J Immunol, 153, 5247 Yan, 1998, Experimental murine IgA nephropathy following passive administration of vomitoxin-induced IgA monoclonal antibodies, Food Chem Toxicol, 36, 1095, 10.1016/S0278-6915(98)00072-6 Imasawa, 1998, Evidence suggesting the involvement of hematopoietic stem cells in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 249, 605, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9204 Imasawa, 1999, Bone marrow transplantation attenuates murine IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 56, 1809, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00750.x Stad, 1993, An acute model for IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation in rats induced by monoclonal polymeric rat IgA antibodies, Clin Exp Immunol, 92, 514, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03430.x Fujii, 1990, The effect of IgA immune complexes on the proliferation of cultured human mesangial cells, Am J Kidney Dis, 16, 207, 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)81019-5 Chen, 1994, Pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, J Pathol, 173, 119, 10.1002/path.1711730208 Lopez-Armada, 1996, Receptors for immune complexes activate gene expression and synthesis of matrix proteins in cultured rat and human mesangial cells, J Immunol, 157, 2136 Peruzzi, 2000, Integrin expression and IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 58, 2331, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00417.x Monteiro, 2002, Pathogenic significance of IgA receptor interactions in IgA nephropathy, Trends Mol Med, 8, 464, 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02405-X Van Dixhoorn, 2000, Combined glomerular deposition of polymeric rat IgA and IgG aggravates renal inflammation, Kidney Int, 58, 90, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00144.x Amore, 2001, Glycosylation of circulating IgA in patients with IgA nephropathy modulates proliferation and apoptosis of mesangial cells, J Am Soc Nephrol, 12, 1862, 10.1681/ASN.V1291862 Matsuda, 1998, Deposition of mannan binding protein and mannan binding protein-mediated complement activation in the glomeruli of patients with IgA nephropathy, Nephron, 80, 408, 10.1159/000045212 Hansch, 1993, The role of complement in mesangial cell damage, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 8, 4, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a092269 Endo, 1998, Glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) indicates a novel mechanism of complement activation in IgA nephropathy, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13, 1984, 10.1093/ndt/13.8.1984 Abe, 2001, Intraglomerular synthesis of complement C3 and its activation products in IgA nephropathy, Nephron, 87, 231, 10.1159/000045920 Abe, 1998, Expression of decay accelerating factor mRNA and complement C3 mRNA in human diseased kidney, Kidney Int, 54, 120, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00961.x Moll, 2001, No complement receptor 1 stumps on podocytes in human glomerulopathies, Kidney Int, 59, 160, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00476.x Yoshioka, 1989, Monocyte infiltration and cross-linked fibrin deposition in IgA nephritis and Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, Clin Nephrol, 32, 107 Arima, 1991, Significance of mononuclear phagocytes in IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 39, 684, 10.1038/ki.1991.82 Li, 1991, Activated (IL-2R+) intraglomerular mononuclear cells in crescentic glomerulonephritis, Kidney Int, 39, 793, 10.1038/ki.1991.97 Johnson, 1994, The glomerular response to injury, Kidney Int, 45, 1769, 10.1038/ki.1994.230 Floege, 2002, Glomerular remodelling, Nephron, 91, 582, 10.1159/000065016 Kriz, 1998, Progression of glomerular diseases, Kidney Int, 54, 687, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00044.x Remuzzi, 1998, Pathophysiology of progressive nephropathies, N Engl J Med, 339, 1448, 10.1056/NEJM199811123392007 Falk, 1995, Infiltration of the kidney by alpha beta and gamma delta T cells, Kidney Int, 47, 177, 10.1038/ki.1995.21 Wu, 1999, Conserved T-cell receptor beta chain CDR3 sequences in IgA nephropathy biopsies, Kidney Int, 55, 109, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00243.x Wu, 2001, Restricted gammadelta T-cell receptor repertoire in IgA nephropathy renal biopsies, Kidney Int, 60, 1324, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00937.x D’Amico, 2000, Natural history of idiopathic IgA nephropathy, Am J Kidney Dis, 36, 227, 10.1053/ajkd.2000.8966 Julian, 1985, Familial IgA nephropathy. Evidence of an inherited mechanism of disease, N Engl J Med, 312, 202, 10.1056/NEJM198501243120403 Schena, 1993, Abnormalities of the IgA immune system in members of unrelated pedigrees from patients with IgA nephropathy, Clin Exp Immunol, 92, 139, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05960.x Hsu, 2000, Evidence for genetic factors in the development and progression of IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 57, 1818, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00032.x Wanstrat, 2001, The genetics of complex autoimmune diseases, Nat Immunol, 2, 802, 10.1038/ni0901-802 Gharavi, 2000, IgA nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis, is linked to 6q22–23, Nat Genet, 26, 354, 10.1038/81677 Field, 2001, Tumour necrosis factor polymorphisms in rheumatic diseases, QJM, 94, 237, 10.1093/qjmed/94.5.237 Hutchinson, 1999, Cytokine gene polymorphisms and relevance to forms of rejection, Transplant Proc, 31, 734, 10.1016/S0041-1345(98)01746-1 Koss, 2000, Cytokine (TNF alpha, LT alpha and IL-10) polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel diseases and normal controls, Genes Immunol, 1, 185, 10.1038/sj.gene.6363657 Schena, 1999, Cytokine network and resident renal cells in glomerular diseases, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 14, 22, 10.1093/ndt/14.suppl_1.22 Bidwell, 1999, Cytokine gene polymorphism in human disease, Genes Immunol, 1, 3, 10.1038/sj.gene.6363645 Kotb, 2002, An immunogenetic and molecular basis for differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections, Nat Med, 8, 1398, 10.1038/nm1202-800 Akahoshi, 2003, Influence of interleukin-12 receptor beta1 polymorphisms on tuberculosis, Hum Genet, 112, 237, 10.1007/s00439-002-0873-5 Treszl, 2002, Interleukin genetic variants and the risk of renal failure in infants with infection, Pediatr Nephrol, 17, 713, 10.1007/s00467-002-0935-x Hutchings, 2002, Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes and costimulatory molecule expression, Hum Immunol, 63, S14, 10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00492-5 Hutchings, 2002, Association of cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms with B7 costimulatory molecules in kidney allograft recipients, Pediatr Transplant, 6, 69, 10.1034/j.1399-3046.2002.1o444.x Boiardi, 2001, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms in Behcet’s disease, J Rheumatol, 28, 1283 Shu, 2000, Impact of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphism on IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 58, 783, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00227.x Syrjanen, 2002, Polymorphism of the cytokine genes and IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 61, 1079, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00193.x Watanabe, 2002, Association of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism with IgA nephropathy, Nephron, 91, 744, 10.1159/000065040 Masutani, 2003, Impact of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 gene polymorphisms on development and progression of IgA nephropathy in Japanese patients, Am J Kidney Dis, 41, 371, 10.1053/ajkd.2003.50046 Schena, 2001, ACE gene polymorphism and IgA nephropathy, Kidney Int, 60, 732, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.060002732.x Yoon, 2002, Interdependent effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene polymorphisms on the progression of immunoglobulin A nephropathy, Clin Genet, 62, 128, 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620205.x Mattu, 1998, The glycosylation and structure of human serum IgA1, Fab, and Fc regions and the role of N-glycosylation on Fc alpha receptor interactions, J Biol Chem, 273, 2260, 10.1074/jbc.273.4.2260 Novak, 2001, Progress in molecular and genetic studies of IgA nephropathy, J Clin Immunol, 21, 310, 10.1023/A:1012284402054