Pathogenesis and prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage

Murphy, 2017, Annual Summary of vital statistics: 2013-2014, Pediatrics, 139, 10.1542/peds.2016-3239 Volpe, 2017 Stoll, 2015, Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993-2012, Jama, 314, 1039, 10.1001/jama.2015.10244 Horbar JD. Vermont–Oxford Network 2018 Database Summary. Burlington, VT: Vermont Oxford Network. Kusuda, 2021, Outcomes of infants with very low birth weight associated with birthplace difference: a retrospective cohort study of births in Japan and California, J Pediatr, 229, 182, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.010 Tsuji, 1998, Near infrared spectroscopy detects cerebral ischemia during hypotension in piglets, Pediatr Res, 44, 591, 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00020 Pryds, 1989, Friis-Hansen B. Heterogeneity of cerebral vasoreactivity in preterm infants supported by mechanical ventilation, J Pediatr, 115, 638, 10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80301-4 Lightburn, 2009, Cerebral blood flow velocities in extremely low birth weight infants with hypotension and infants with normal blood pressure, J Pediatr, 154, 824, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.006 Goldberg, 1980, The association of rapid volume expansion and intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant, J Pediatr, 96, 1060, 10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80642-1 Hill, 1982, Relationship of pneumothorax to occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn, Pediatrics, 69, 144, 10.1542/peds.69.2.144 Reynolds, 1979, Intracranial haemorrhage in the preterm sheep fetus, Early Hum Dev, 3, 163, 10.1016/0378-3782(79)90005-7 Perlman, 1983, Suctioning in the preterm infant: effects on cerebral blood flow velocity, intracranial pressure, and arterial blood pressure, Pediatrics, 72, 329, 10.1542/peds.72.3.329 Seliniotaki, 2020, Alternative mydriasis techniques for retinopathy of prematurity screening, Int Ophthalmol, 40, 3613, 10.1007/s10792-020-01542-x Kaiser, 2006, Hypercapnia during the first 3 days of life is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants, J Perinatol, 26, 279, 10.1038/sj.jp.7211492 Fabres, 2007, Both extremes of arterial carbon dioxide pressure and the magnitude of fluctuations in arterial carbon dioxide pressure are associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants, Pediatrics, 119, 299, 10.1542/peds.2006-2434 Hagen, 2008, Permissive hypercapnia and risk for brain injury and developmental impairment, Pediatrics, 122, e583, 10.1542/peds.2008-1016 Pryds, 1989, Effect of PaCO2 and haemoglobin concentration on day to day variation of CBF in preterm neonates, Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 360, 33, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1989.tb11279.x Baer, 2011, Among very-low-birth-weight neonates is red blood cell transfusion an independent risk factor for subsequently developing a severe intraventricular hemorrhage?, Transfusion, 51, 1170, 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02980.x Pryds, 1988, Friis-Hansen B. Compensatory increase of CBF in preterm infants during hypoglycaemia, Acta Paediatr Scand, 77, 632, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10721.x Alsweiler, 2012, Tight glycemic control with insulin in hyperglycemic preterm babies: a randomized controlled trial, Pediatrics, 129, 639, 10.1542/peds.2011-2470 Auerbach, 2013, Long duration of hyperglycemia in the first 96 hours of life is associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants, J Pediatr, 163, 388, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.051 Svenningsen, 1988, Measurements of fetal head compression pressure during bearing down and their relationship to the condition of the newborn, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 67, 129, 10.3109/00016348809004184 Shankaran, 1996, Prenatal and perinatal risk and protective factors for neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 150, 491, 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170300045009 Riskin, 2008, Delivery mode and severe intraventricular hemorrhage in single, very low birth weight, vertex infants, Obstet Gynecol, 112, 21, 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817cfdf1 Leviton, 1991, Labor and delivery characteristics and the risk of germinal matrix hemorrhage in low birth weight infants, J Child Neurol, 6, 35, 10.1177/088307389100600107 Moriette, 2001, Prospective randomized multicenter comparison of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and conventional ventilation in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome, Pediatrics, 107, 363, 10.1542/peds.107.2.363 Cools, 2015, Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Klingenberg, 2017, Volume-targeted versus pressure-limited ventilation in neonates, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10 Fischer, 2013, Avoiding endotracheal ventilation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis, Pediatrics, 132, e1351, 10.1542/peds.2013-1880 Simmons, 1958, Acute circulatory effects of pneumothorax in dogs, J Appl Physiol, 12, 255, 10.1152/jappl.1958.12.2.255 Meek, 1999, Low cerebral blood flow is a risk factor for severe intraventricular haemorrhage, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 81, F15, 10.1136/fn.81.1.F15 Wyckoff, 2012, Outcome of extremely low birth weight infants who received delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation, J Pediatr, 160, 239, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.07.041 Finer, 1999, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the very low birth weight infant: the Vermont Oxford Network experience, Pediatrics, 104, 428, 10.1542/peds.104.3.428 Watkins, 1989, Blood pressure and cerebral haemorrhage and ischaemia in very low birthweight infants, Early Hum Dev, 19, 103, 10.1016/0378-3782(89)90120-5 Dempsey, 2009, Permissive hypotension in the extremely low birthweight infant with signs of good perfusion, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 94, F241, 10.1136/adc.2007.124263 Evans, 1996, Early ductal shunting and intraventricular haemorrhage in ventilated preterm infants, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 75, F183, 10.1136/fn.75.3.F183 Noori, 2014, Changes in cardiac function and cerebral blood flow in relation to peri/intraventricular hemorrhage in extremely preterm infants, J Pediatr, 164, 264, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.09.045 Andrew, 1987, Clinical impact of neonatal thrombocytopenia, J Pediatr, 110, 457, 10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80517-6 von Lindern, 2012, Thrombocytopaenia and intraventricular haemorrhage in very premature infants: a tale of two cities, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 97, F348, 10.1136/fetalneonatal-2011-300763 Rastogi, 2011, Drop in platelet counts in extremely preterm neonates and its association with clinical outcomes, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 33, 580, 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31821e5f44 Beverley, 1985, Prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage by fresh frozen plasma, Arch Dis Child, 60, 710, 10.1136/adc.60.8.710 Tran, 2012, Does risk-based coagulation screening predict intraventricular haemorrhage in extreme premature infants?, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 23, 532, 10.1097/MBC.0b013e3283551145 1996, A randomized trial comparing the effect of prophylactic intravenous fresh frozen plasma, gelatin or glucose on early mortality and morbidity in preterm babies. The Northern Neonatal Nursing Initiative [NNNI] Trial Group, Eur J Pediatr, 155, 580, 10.1007/BF01957909 Grunnet, 1989, Morphometry of blood vessels in the cortex and germinal plate of premature neonates, Pediatr Neurol, 5, 12, 10.1016/0887-8994(89)90003-9 Braun, 2007, Paucity of pericytes in germinal matrix vasculature of premature infants, J Neurosci, 27, 12012, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3281-07.2007 El-Khoury, 2006, Astrocyte end-feet in germinal matrix, cerebral cortex, and white matter in developing infants, Pediatr Res, 59, 673, 10.1203/01.pdr.0000214975.85311.9c Xu, 2008, Maturational changes in laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and perlecan in germinal matrix, cortex, and white matter and effect of betamethasone, J Neurosci Res, 86, 1482, 10.1002/jnr.21618 Ballabh, 2007, Angiogenic inhibition reduces germinal matrix hemorrhage, Nat Med, 13, 477, 10.1038/nm1558 Sweet, 2019, European consensus guidelines on the management of respiratory distress syndrome - 2019 update, Neonatology, 115, 432, 10.1159/000499361 McGoldrick, 2020, Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Vinukonda, 2010, Effect of prenatal glucocorticoids on cerebral vasculature of the developing brain, Stroke, 41, 1766, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.588400 Schwab, 2000, Effects of betamethasone administration to the fetal sheep in late gestation on fetal cerebral blood flow, J Physiol, 528, 619, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00619.x Kuban, 1992, Maternal toxemia is associated with reduced incidence of germinal matrix hemorrhage in premature babies, J Child Neurol, 7, 70, 10.1177/088307389200700113 Paneth, 1997, Magnesium sulfate in labor and risk of neonatal brain lesions and cerebral palsy in low birth weight infants. The Neonatal Brain Hemorrhage Study Analysis Group, Pediatrics, 99, E1, 10.1542/peds.99.5.e1 Wiswell, 1996, Maternally-administered Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) protects against early brain injury and long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: a Prospective Study. 1502, Pediatric Res, 39, 253- Doyle, 2009, Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Mactier, 2020, Perinatal management of extreme preterm birth before 27 weeks of gestation: a framework for practice, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 105, 232, 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318402 Synnes, 2006, Neonatal intensive care unit characteristics affect the incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage, Med Care, 44, 754, 10.1097/01.mlr.0000218780.16064.df Morris, 2020, Potential risk modifiers for severe intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birthweight infants requiring transport, J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 1 Bailey, 2019, Modern neonatal transport: sound and vibration levels and their impact on physiological stability, Am J Perinatol, 36, 352, 10.1055/s-0038-1668171 Delacrétaz, 2021, Adverse events and associated factors during Intrahospital transport of newborn infants, J Pediatr Backes, 2014, Placental transfusion strategies in very preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Obstetr Gynecol, 124, 47, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000324 Rabe, 2012, Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes, Cochrane Database Syst Rev Fogarty, 2018, Delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Obstetr Gynecol, 218, 1, 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.231 Kumbhat, 2021, Umbilical cord milking vs delayed cord clamping and associations with in-hospital outcomes among extremely premature infants, J Pediatr, 232, 87, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.12.072 Katheria, 2019, Association of umbilical cord milking vs delayed umbilical cord clamping with death or severe intraventricular hemorrhage among preterm infants, Jama, 322, 1877, 10.1001/jama.2019.16004 Liyanage, 2020, Guidelines on deferred cord clamping and cord milking: a systematic review, Pediatrics, 146, 10.1542/peds.2020-1429 Volpe, 2008, 481 Szymonowicz, 1986, Reduction in periventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants, Arch Dis Child, 61, 661, 10.1136/adc.61.7.661 Bada, 1990, Frequent handling in the neonatal intensive care unit and intraventricular hemorrhage, J Pediatr, 117, 126, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)72460-4 de Bijl-Marcus, 2020, Neonatal care bundles are associated with a reduction in the incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants: a multicentre cohort study, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 105, 419, 10.1136/archdischild-2018-316692 Garvey, 2018, Inotropes for preterm infants: 50 years on are we any wiser?, Front Pediatr, 6, 88, 10.3389/fped.2018.00088 Thewissen, 2021, Cerebral oxygen saturation and autoregulation during hypotension in extremely preterm infants, Pediatr Res, 90, 373, 10.1038/s41390-021-01483-w Dempsey, 2021, Hypotension in Preterm Infants (HIP) randomised trial, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 106, 398, 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320241 Garvey, 2018, Applications of near infrared spectroscopy in the neonate, Curr Opin Pediatr, 30, 209, 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000599 Garvey, 2018, Interpretation of cerebral oxygenation changes in the preterm infant, Children (Basel), 5 Alderliesten, 2013, Cerebral oxygenation, extraction, and autoregulation in very preterm infants who develop peri-intraventricular hemorrhage, J Pediatr, 162, 698, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.09.038 Hyttel-Sorensen, 2013, A phase II randomized clinical trial on cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy plus a treatment guideline versus treatment as usual for extremely preterm infants during the first three days of life (SafeBoosC): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, Trials, 14, 120, 10.1186/1745-6215-14-120 Plomgaard, 2017, Early biomarkers of brain injury and cerebral hypo- and hyperoxia in the SafeBoosC II trial, PloS one, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0173440 Plomgaard, 2016, The SafeBoosC II randomized trial: treatment guided by near-infrared spectroscopy reduces cerebral hypoxia without changing early biomarkers of brain injury, Pediatr Res, 79, 528, 10.1038/pr.2015.266 Hansen, 2019, Cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring versus treatment as usual for extremely preterm infants: a protocol for the SafeBoosC randomised clinical phase III trial, Trials, 20, 811, 10.1186/s13063-019-3955-6 Evans, 2000, Echocardiography on neonatal intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand, J Paediatr Child Health, 36, 169, 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00469.x Noori, 2015, Hemodynamic antecedents of peri/intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm neonates, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 20, 232, 10.1016/j.siny.2015.02.004 Kluckow, 2000, Low superior vena cava flow and intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 82, F188, 10.1136/fn.82.3.F188 Sortica da Costa, 2019, Changes in hemodynamics, cerebral oxygenation and cerebrovascular reactivity during the early transitional circulation in preterm infants, Pediatr Res, 86, 247, 10.1038/s41390-019-0410-z Smith, 2020, Haemodynamic Significance" of the patent ductus arteriosus: do we have all the answers?, Neonatology, 117, 225, 10.1159/000506988 Mitra, 2020, Early treatment versus expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for preterm infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12 Ment, 2004, Prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage by indomethacin in male preterm infants, J Pediatr, 145, 832, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.07.035 Fowlie, 2010, Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2010 Pryds, 1988, Indomethacin and cerebral blood flow in premature infants treated for patent ductus arteriosus, Eur J Pediatr, 147, 315, 10.1007/BF00442705 Van Overmeire, 2004, Prophylactic ibuprofen in premature infants: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 364, 1945, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17477-1 O'Neill, 2020, Non-invasive cardiac output monitoring in neonates, Front Pediatr, 8 Ballabh, 2010, Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: mechanism of disease, Pediatr Res, 67, 1, 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181c1b176