Passing the European Patent Office: evidence from the data-processing industry

Arrow, K.J., 1962. Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention. In: Nelson, R.R. (Ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors. Princeton University Press, New York. Cornish, W.R., 1989. Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks and Allied Rights. Sweet and Maxwell, London. Dosi, 1988, Sources, Procedures and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation, Journal of Economic Literature, 26, 1120 Duysters, G., 1996. The Dynamics of Technical Innovation. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham. Duysters, G., Hagedoorn, J., 1995. Convergence and divergence in the international information technology. In: Hagedoorn, J. (Ed.), Technical Change and the World Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. Duysters, G., Hagedoorn, J., 1998. Technological convergence in the IT industry: the role of strategic technology alliances and technological competencies. International Journal of the Economics of Business. Routledge, forthcoming. de Jonquieres, G., 1989. The Deadly Mirage of Convergent Technology. Financial Times, 24 July. Forester, T., 1993. Silicon Samurai: How Japan Conquered the World's IT Industry. Blackwell, Cambridge. Georghiou, L., Metcalfe, J.S., Gibbons, M., Ray, T., Evans, J., 1986. Post-Innovation Performance: Technological Development and Competition. Macmillan, New York. Griliches, Z., 1989. Patents: Recent Trends and Puzzles, Brooking Papers Economic Activity. Microeconomics, 291–330. Hall, 1986, Patents and R&D: Is there a Lag?, International Economic Review, 27, 265, 10.2307/2526504 Levin, 1987, Appropriating the returns from industrial research and development, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, 783, 10.2307/2534454 Maddala, G.S., 1983. Limited-Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Mansfield, 1981, Imitation costs and patents: an empirical study, Economic Journal, 91, 907, 10.2307/2232499 Nelson, 1959, The simple economics of basic scientific research, Journal of Political Economy, 67, 297, 10.1086/258177 Nelson, R.R., Winter, S., 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Pakes, 1986, Patents as options: some estimates of the value of holding european patent stocks, Econometrica, 54, 755, 10.2307/1912835 Porter, M.E., 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Macmillan, London. Schankerman, 1986, Estimates of the value of patent rights in European countries during the post-1950 period, Economic Journal, 96, 1052, 10.2307/2233173 Scherer, 1983, The propensity to patent, International Journal of Industrial Organisation, 1, 107, 10.1016/0167-7187(83)90026-7 Siegel, S., Castellan Jr., N.J., 1988. Nonparametric Statistics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Vanhaverbeke, 1992, On the differential effects of European patents, Economics of Innovation and New Technologies, 2, 185, 10.1080/10438599300000002