Parenting in context: Revisiting Belsky’s classic process of parenting model in early childhood

Developmental Review - Tập 48 - Trang 55-81 - 2018
Lindsay Taraban1, Daniel S. Shaw1
1The University of Pittsburgh, United States

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Amato, 1999, Paternal involvement and children's behavior problems, Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 375, 10.2307/353755

Appelhans, 2006, Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding, Review of General Psychology, 10, 229, 10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.229

Armstrong, 2005, Pathways between social support, family well being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14, 269, 10.1007/s10826-005-5054-4

Astone, 1991, Family structure, parental practices and high school completion, American Sociological Review, 309, 10.2307/2096106

Avinun, 2013, The Longitudinal Israeli Study of Twins (LIST)—An integrative view of social development, Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16, 197, 10.1017/thg.2012.73

Avinun, 2013, Parenting as a reaction evoked by children’s genotype a meta-analysis of children-as-twins studies, Personality and Social Psychology Review

Barber, 2005, Patterns of parenting across adolescence, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005, 5, 10.1002/cd.124

Barnett, 1995, Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes, The Future of Children, 25, 10.2307/1602366

Barnett, M. A., de Baca, T. C., Jordan, A., Tilley, E., & Ellis, B. J. (2015, February). Associations among child perceptions of parenting support, maternal parenting efficacy and maternal depressive symptoms. In Child & Youth Care Forum (Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 17–32). Springer, US.

Baum, 1999, Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: Does stress account for SES effects on health?, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 131, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08111.x

Belsky, 1984, The determinants of parenting: A process model, Child Development, 55, 83, 10.2307/1129836

Belsky, 2002, 415

Belsky, 2009, The intergenerational transmission of parenting: Introduction to the special section, Developmental Psychology, 45, 1201, 10.1037/a0016245

Belsky, 2002, Early attachment security, subsequent maternal sensitivity, and later child development: Does continuity in development depend upon continuity of caregiving?, Attachment & Human Development, 4, 361, 10.1080/14616730210167267

Belsky, 2006, The multiple determinants of parenting, 38

Belsky, 2005, Intergenerational transmission of warm-sensitive-stimulating parenting: A prospective study of mothers and fathers of 3-year-olds, Child Development, 76, 384, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00852.x

Bernier, 2014, Marital satisfaction and quality of father–child interactions: The moderating role of child gender, The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 175, 105, 10.1080/00221325.2013.799059

Blair, 2011, Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood, Child Development, 82, 1970, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x

Block, 1981, Parental agreement-disagreement on child-rearing orientations and gender-related personality correlates in children, Child Development, 965, 10.2307/1129101

Bokhorst, 2003, The importance of shared environment in mother-infant attachment security: A behavioral genetic study, Child Development, 74, 1769, 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00637.x

Bornstein, 2011, Maternal personality, parenting cognitions, and parenting practices, Developmental Psychology, 47, 658, 10.1037/a0023181

Bornstein, 2011, Maternal personality, parenting cognitions, and parenting practices, Developmental Psychology, 47, 658, 10.1037/a0023181

Bornstein, 2007, Maternal personality and parenting cognitions in cross-cultural perspective, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 193, 10.1177/0165025407074632

Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (1999). Parenting. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology: A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 339–362, Chapter xviii, 542 Pages): Psychology Press, New York, NY.

Bridgett, 2013, Development of infant positive emotionality: The contribution of maternal characteristics and effects on subsequent parenting, Infant and Child Development, 22, 362, 10.1002/icd.1795

Brown, 2004, Family structure and child well-being: The significance of parental cohabitation, Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 351, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00025.x

Bumpass, L. L., & Choe, M. K. (2004). Attitudes relating to marriage and family life (pp. 19). na.

Calkins, 2008, Predicting cardiac vagal regulation in early childhood from maternal–child relationship quality during toddlerhood, Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 751, 10.1002/dev.20344

Calzada, 2002, Self-reported parenting practices in Dominican and Puerto Rican mothers of young children, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 354, 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_07

Campbell, 1995, Depression in first-time mothers: Mother-infant interaction and depression chronicity, Developmental Psychology, 31, 349, 10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.349

Campbell, 2007, Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms, maternal sensitivity, and children's functioning at school entry, Developmental Psychology, 43, 1202, 10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1202

Capaldi, 1991, Relation of parental transitions to boys’ adjustment problems: I. A linear hypothesis. II. Mothers at risk for transitions and unskilled parenting, Developmental Psychology, 27, 489, 10.1037/0012-1649.27.3.489

Capaldi, 2003, Continuity of parenting practices across generations in an at-risk sample: A prospective comparison of direct and mediated associations, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 127, 10.1023/A:1022518123387

Caspi, A., & Elder, G. H. (1988). Emergent family patterns: The intergenerational construction of problem behavior and relationships. Relationships within Families: Mutual Influences, 218–240.

Chang, 2003, Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression, Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 598, 10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598

Chen, 2001, Intergenerational transmission of constructive parenting, Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 17, 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00017.x

Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1984). Origins and evolution of behavior disorders: From infancy to early adult life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Cheung, 2016, Multivariate behavioral genetic analysis of parenting in early childhood, Parenting, 16, 257, 10.1080/15295192.2016.1184926

Christensen, 1997, Conflict and satisfaction in couples, Satisfaction in Close Relationships, 249

Clark, 2000, Mothers' personality and its interaction with child temperament as predictors of parenting behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 274, 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.274

Coatsworth, 2015, Integrating mindfulness with parent training: Effects of the mindfulness-enhanced strengthening families program, Developmental Psychology, 51, 26, 10.1037/a0038212

Cohen, 2008, The impact of cumulative maternal trauma and diagnosis on parenting behavior, Child Maltreatment, 13, 27, 10.1177/1077559507310045

Coley, 2014, Low-income women’s employment experiences and their financial, personal, and family well-being, Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 88, 10.1037/a0034998

Conger, 2003, Angry and aggressive behavior across three generations: A prospective, longitudinal study of parents and children, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 143, 10.1023/A:1022570107457

Coplan, 2009, Exploring the associations between maternal personality, child temperament, and parenting: A focus on emotions, Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 241, 10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.011

Cornish, 2006, Maternal depression and the experience of parenting in the second postnatal year, Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 24, 121, 10.1080/02646830600644021

Coyne, 2007, Mothers' empathic understanding of their toddlers: Associations with maternal depression and sensitivity, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 483, 10.1007/s10826-006-9099-9

Crnic, 2005, Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: Relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5, Infant and Child Development, 14, 117, 10.1002/icd.384

Crockenberg, 1986, Are temperamental differences in babies associated with predictable differences in care giving?, New Directions for Child Development, 31, 53, 10.1002/cd.23219863105

Crockenberg, 2003, Parental acceptance, postpartum depression, and maternal sensitivity: Mediating and moderating processes, Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 80, 10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.80

Cummings, 2002

Cummings, E. M., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Raymond, J. (2004). Fathers in Family Context: Effects of Marital Quality and Marital Conflict.

Cummings, 2005, Towards a family process model of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms: Exploring multiple relations with child and family functioning, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 479, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00368.x

Cummings, 2010, Fathers, marriages, and families, The Role of the Father in Child Development, 154

Damast, 1996, Mother-child play: Sequential interactions and the relation between maternal beliefs and behaviors, Child Development, 67, 1752, 10.2307/1131729

Darling, 1993, Parenting style as context: An integrative model, Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487, 10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487

Dishion, 2004, Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour, Journal of Adolescence, 27, 515, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.005

Dishion, 2008, The Family Check-Up with high-risk indigent families: Preventing problem behavior by increasing parents' positive behavior support in early childhood, Child Development, 79, 1395, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01195.x

Driscoll, 2007, Young mothers' play with their toddlers: Individual variability as a function of psychosocial factors, Infant and Child Development, 16, 649, 10.1002/icd.515

Dumas, 2005, Mindfulness-based parent training: Strategies to lessen the grip of automaticity in families with disruptive children, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 779, 10.1207/s15374424jccp3404_20

Duncan, 2012, Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: Moving from correlation to causation, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3, 377

Dunifon, 2002, Who’s in the house? Race differences in cohabitation, single parenthood, and child development, Child Development, 73, 1249, 10.1111/1467-8624.00470

Easterbrooks, 2011, Resilience in parenting among young mothers: Family and ecological risks and opportunities, Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 42, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.010

Easterbrooks, 1994, Young children's responses to constructive marital disputes, Journal of Family Psychology, 8, 160, 10.1037/0893-3200.8.2.160

Eccles, J., Templeton, J., Barber, B., & Stone, M. (2003). Adolescence and emerging adulthood: The critical passage ways to adulthood.

Eisenberg, 1998, Parental socialization of emotion, Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241, 10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1

Engfer, A. (1988). The interrelatedness of marriage and the mother-child relationship. Relationships within families: Mutual influences, 104–118.

Erel, 1995, Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review, Psychological Bulletin, 118, 108, 10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.108

Fields, 2001

Fincham, F. D., & Hall, J. H. (2005). Parenting and the marital relationship. Parenting: An Ecological Perspective, 2, 205–234.

Franck, 2007, A family process model of marital hostility, parental depressive affect, and early adolescent problem behavior: The roles of triangulation and parental warmth, Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 614, 10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.614

Gallagher, 2002, Does child temperament moderate the influence of parenting on adjustment?, Developmental Review, 22, 623, 10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00503-8

Glick, 1997, Immigration and changing patterns of extended family household structure in the United States: 1970–1990, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 177, 10.2307/353671

Goodman, 2007, Depression in mothers, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 107, 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091401

Goodman, 1999, Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission, Psychological Review, 106, 458, 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458

Goodnow, 1990

Gottman, 1993, A theory of marital dissolution and stability, Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 57, 10.1037/0893-3200.7.1.57

Green, 2007, How do relationships support parenting? Effects of attachment style and social support on parenting behavior in an at-risk population, American Journal of Community Psychology, 40, 96, 10.1007/s10464-007-9127-y

Grusec, 2010, Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: A domain-specific approach, Child Development, 81, 687, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01426.x

Hauser, 1997, 4. Socioeconomic indexes for occupations: A review, update, and critique, Sociological Methodology, 27, 177, 10.1111/1467-9531.271028

Helseth, 2005, Parenting experiences during cancer, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52, 38, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03562.x

Hetherington, E. M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1982). Effects of divorce on parents and children. Nontraditional families: Parenting and child development/edited by Michael E. Lamb.

Holland, 2013, Maternal and paternal perceptions of coparenting as a link between marital quality and the parent–toddler relationship, Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 117, 10.1037/a0031427

Holmes, 2013, Aggressive behavior of children exposed to intimate partner violence: An examination of maternal mental health, maternal warmth and child maltreatment, Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 520, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.12.006

Hummel, 2016, Bidirectional effects of positive affect, warmth, and interactions between mothers with and without symptoms of depression and their toddlers, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 781, 10.1007/s10826-015-0272-x

John, 1999, The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives, Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2, 102

Johnson, 2017, Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis, Clinical Psychology Review, 54, 65, 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001

Johnston, 2005, The importance of parental attributions in families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity and disruptive behavior disorders, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 167, 10.1007/s10567-005-6663-6

Jonassaint, 2011, Low life course socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with negative NEO PI-R personality patterns, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 13, 10.1007/s12529-009-9069-x

Jones, 1980, Maternal responsiveness of primiparous mothers during the postpartum period: Age differences, Pediatrics, 65, 579, 10.1542/peds.65.3.579

Karreman, 2008, The relation between parental personality and observed parenting: The moderating role of preschoolers’ effortful control, Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 723, 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.005

Kennedy, 2004, Longitudinal relations between child vagal tone and parenting behavior: 2 to 4 years, Developmental Psychobiology, 45, 10, 10.1002/dev.20013

Kertes, 2009, Inhibited temperament and parent emotional availability differentially predict young children's cortisol responses to novel social and nonsocial events, Developmental Psychobiology, 51, 521, 10.1002/dev.20390

Kiff, 2011, Nature and nurturing: Parenting in the context of child temperament, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 251, 10.1007/s10567-011-0093-4

Klahr, 2014, Elucidating the etiology of individual differences in parenting: A meta-analysis of behavioral genetic research, Psychological Bulletin, 140, 544, 10.1037/a0034205

Kochanska, 1998, Mother–child relationship, child fearfulness, and emerging attachment: A short-term longitudinal study, Developmental Psychology, 34, 480, 10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.480

Kochanska, 2004, Parents' personality and infants' temperament as contributors to their emerging relationship, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 744, 10.1037/0022-3514.86.5.744

Koenig, 2010, Rearing difficult children: Parents' personality and children's proneness to anger as predictors of future parenting, Parenting: Science and Practice, 10, 258, 10.1080/15295192.2010.492038

Krishnakumar, 2000, Interparental conflict and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review, Family Relations, 49, 25, 10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00025.x

Landry, 2008, A responsive parenting intervention: The optimal timing across early childhood for impacting maternal behaviors and child outcomes, Developmental Psychology, 44, 1335, 10.1037/a0013030

Lee, 2003, The transracial adoption paradox: History, research, and counseling implications of cultural socialization, The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 711, 10.1177/0011000003258087

Leerkes, 2009, Differential effects of maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress on social-emotional functioning, Child Development, 80, 762, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01296.x

Leerkes, 2016, Pathways by which mothers' physiological arousal and regulation while caregiving predict sensitivity to infant distress, Jounral of Familiy Psychology, 30, 769, 10.1037/fam0000185

Leerkes, 2015, Antecedents of maternal sensitivity during distressing tasks: Integrating attachment, social information processing, and psychobiological perspectives, Child Development, 86, 94, 10.1111/cdev.12288

Leerkes, 2012, Differentiating maternal sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress, Parenting, 12, 175, 10.1080/15295192.2012.683353

Lemery, 1999, Developmental models of infant and childhood temperament, Developmental Psychology, 35, 189, 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.189

Lerner, 2002, Developmental systems perspective on parenting, Handbook of Parenting, 2, 315

Letourneau, 2010, Maternal depressive symptoms and parenting of children from birth to 12 years, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32, 662, 10.1177/0193945909359409

Levendosky, 2000, Behavioral observations of parenting in battered women, Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 80, 10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.80

Lewis, 2003, Fathers' influences on children's development: The evidence from two-parent families, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 18, 211, 10.1007/BF03173485

Lipscomb, 2011, Trajectories of parenting and child negative emotionality during infancy and toddlerhood: A longitudinal analysis, Child Development, 82, 1661, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01639.x

Lorber, 2012, The role of maternal emotion regulation in overreactive and lax discipline, Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 642, 10.1037/a0029109

Lorber, 2003, Mothers' overreactive discipline and their encoding and appraisals of toddler behavior, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 485, 10.1023/A:1025496914522

Lorber, 2005, Mothers' emotion dynamics and their relations with harsh and lax discipline: Microsocial time series analyses, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 559, 10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_11

Losoya, 1997, Origins of familial similarity in parenting: A study of twins and adoptive siblings, Developmental Psychology, 33, 1012, 10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1012

Lovejoy, 2000, Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review, Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561, 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7

Margolin, 2001, Coparenting: A link between marital conflict and parenting in two-parent families, Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 3, 10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.3

Marra, 2009, Effects of social support and conflict on parenting among homeless mothers, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 348, 10.1037/a0017241

McCabe, 2014, Maternal personality and psychopathology as determinants of parenting behavior: A quantitative integration of two parenting literatures, Psychological Bulletin, 140, 722, 10.1037/a0034835

McCabe, 2005, The relation between violence exposure and conduct problems among adolescents: A prospective study, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 575, 10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.575

McDaniel, B. T., & Radesky, J. S. (2017). Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations with child behavior problems. Child Development.

McDonald, 2009, Children's adjustment problems in families characterized by men's severe violence toward women: Does other family violence matter?, Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 94, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.03.005

McElwain, 2006, Maternal sensitivity to infant distress and nondistress as predictors of infant-mother attachment security, Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 247, 10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.247

McLanahan, S., & Casper, L. (1995). Growing diversity and inequality in the American family. State of the Union: America in the 1990s, 2, 1–45.

McLanahan, 1994

Mence, 2014, Emotional flooding and hostile discipline in the families of toddlers with disruptive behavior problems, Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 12, 10.1037/a0035352

Natsuaki, 2014, Raised by depressed parents: Is it an environmental risk?, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 357, 10.1007/s10567-014-0169-z

Owen, 2006, The mediating role of parenting stress in the relation between intimate partner violence and child adjustment, Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 505, 10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.505

Padilla-Walker, 2012, Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood, Journal of Adolescence, 35, 1177, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007

Parent, 2016, The association of parent mindfulness with parenting and youth psychopathology across three developmental stages, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 191, 10.1007/s10802-015-9978-x

Paulussen-Hoogeboom, 2007, Child negative emotionality and parenting from infancy to preschool: A meta-analytic review, Developmental Psychology, 43, 438, 10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.438

Paulussen-Hoogeboom, 2008, Parenting style as a mediator between children's negative emotionality and problematic behavior in early childhood, The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 169, 209, 10.3200/GNTP.169.3.09-226

Pelaez, 2008, Disengaged and authoritarian parenting behavior of depressed mothers with their toddlers, Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 145, 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.06.002

Perry, 2017, Developmental cascade and transactional associations among biological and behavioral indicators of temperament and maternal behavior, Child Development, 10.1111/cdev.12842

Perry, 2014, A transactional analysis of the relation between maternal sensitivity and child vagal regulation, Developmental Psychology, 50, 784, 10.1037/a0033819

Pew Research Center: Livingston, G. (2014, December 22). Fewer than half of U.S. kids today live in a ‘traditional’ family. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/22/less-than-half-of-u-s-kids-today-live-in-a-traditional-family/.

Planalp, 2013, Trajectories of parenting during infancy: The role of infant temperament and marital adjustment for mothers and fathers, Infancy, 18, 10.1111/infa.12021

Poehlmann, 2011, Infant physiological regulation and maternal risks as predictors of dyadic interaction trajectories in families with a preterm infant, Developmental Psychology, 47, 91, 10.1037/a0020719

Prinzie, 2009, The relations between parents’ Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 351, 10.1037/a0015823

Radesky, 2015, Maternal mobile device use during a structured parent–child interaction task, Academic Pediatrics, 15, 238, 10.1016/j.acap.2014.10.001

Ragozin, 1982, Effects of maternal age on parenting role, Developmental Psychology, 18, 627, 10.1037/0012-1649.18.4.627

Repetti, 2014, Employment and parenting, Parenting, 14, 121, 10.1080/15295192.2014.914364

Rhoades, 2007, Factor structure and validity of the parenting scale, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 137, 10.1080/15374410701274157

Rosenthal, 1995, Writing meta-analytic reviews, Psychological Bulletin, 118, 183, 10.1037/0033-2909.118.2.183

Rothbart, 2011

Rothbart, 2000, Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 122, 10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122

Rothbart, 2006

Rothbart, 1998

Rothbart, 2002, Temperament in children, 17

Sandberg, 2001, Changes in children’s time with parents: United States, 1981–1997, Demography, 38, 423, 10.1353/dem.2001.0031

Sanson, 2004, Connections between temperament and social development: A review, Social Development, 13, 142, 10.1046/j.1467-9507.2004.00261.x

Scaramella, 2004, Clarifying parent-child reciprocities during early childhood: the early childhood coercion model, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7, 89, 10.1023/B:CCFP.0000030287.13160.a3

Scaramella, 2008, A test of the Family Stress Model on toddler-aged children's adjustment among Hurricane Katrina impacted and nonimpacted low-income families, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 530, 10.1080/15374410802148202

Serbin, 2003, Intergenerational studies of parenting and the transfer of risk from parent to child, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 138, 10.1111/1467-8721.01249

Shaw, 1993, Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 493, 10.1007/BF00916316

Shaw, 2009, Improvements in maternal depression as a mediator of intervention effects on early childhood problem behavior, Development and Psychopathology, 21, 417, 10.1017/S0954579409000236

Shaw, 2014, Early-starting conduct problems: Intersection of conduct problems and poverty, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 503, 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153650

Sheese, 2007, Parenting quality interacts with genetic variation in dopamine receptor D4 to influence temperament in early childhood, Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1039, 10.1017/S0954579407000521

Skowron, 2013, Cardiac vagal tone and quality of parenting show concurrent and time-ordered associations that diverge in abusive, neglectful, and non-maltreating mothers, Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 2, 95, 10.1037/cfp0000005

Smith, C. L., Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Gaertner, B. M., Popp, T. K., & Maxon, E. (2007). Maternal personality: Longitudinal associations to parenting behavior and maternal emotional expressions toward toddlers. Parenting: Science and Practice, 7(3), 305–329. http://doi.org/10.1080/15295190701498710.

Smith, 2004, Continuities in antisocial behavior and parenting across three generations, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 230, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00216.x

Steinberg, 2001, Adolescent development, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83, 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83

Sterba, 2010, Matching method with theory in person-oriented developmental psychopathology research, Development and Psychopathology, 22, 239, 10.1017/S0954579410000015

Stover, 2016, Marital hostility, hostile parenting, and child aggression: Associations from toddlerhood to school age, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 235, 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.008

Stroud, 2011, Spillover to triadic and dyadic systems in families with young children, Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 919, 10.1037/a0025443

Teti, D. M., & Candelaria, M. A. (2002). Parenting competence. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), 2nd ed. (2nd ed., pp. 149–180): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ.

Thayer, 2000, A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation, Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 201, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00338-4

Thomson, 1992, Cohabitation and marital stability: Quality or commitment?, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 259, 10.2307/353057

Thomson, 1994, Family structure and child well-being: Economic resources vs. parental behaviors, Social Forces, 73, 221, 10.1093/sf/73.1.221

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings.

Turiel, E. (1998). The development of morality. Handbook of child psychology.

Valiente, 2007, Pathways to problem behaviors: Chaotic homes, parent and child effortful control, and parenting, Social Development, 16, 249, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00383.x

van den Boom, 1994, The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants, Child Development, 65, 1457, 10.2307/1131511

Waldman, 2006

Waller, 2015, Early parental positive behavior support and childhood adjustment: Addressing enduring questions with new methods, Social Development, 24, 304, 10.1111/sode.12103

Weissman, 1974

Williams, 2009, Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1063, 10.1007/s10802-009-9331-3

Wilson, 2010, Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review, Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 167, 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007

Woody, 2007, The significance of social support on parenting among a group of single, low-income, African American mothers, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 15, 183, 10.1300/J137v15n02_11

Yaman, 2010, Parenting in an individualistic culture with a collectivistic cultural background: The case of Turkish immigrant families with toddlers in the Netherlands, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 617, 10.1007/s10826-009-9346-y

Zeanah, 2004, Temperament and attachment disorders, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 32, 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_4

Zhang, 2017, Reconsidering parenting in Chinese culture: Subtypes, stability, and change of maternal parenting style during early adolescence, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1117, 10.1007/s10964-017-0664-x