Parental influences on deviant behavior in early adolescence: A logistic response analysis of age- and gender-differentiated effects
Tóm tắt
We used data from a 601-family longitudinal study to estimate the separate and combined effects of three risk factors—parental psychiatric disorders (principally depression and substance abuse), supportive parent-child communications, and household income—on the development of deviant behavior in boys and girls aged 11–14. Using logistic response models, we concluded that having fewer than two supportive parents generally increases the risk of deviant behavior, but more so for boys than for girls. This effect is amplified when one or more parent(s) has a chronic mental disorder, but thecombination of fewer than two supportive parentsand one psychiatrically impaired parent has a particularly marked effect on girls. Moreover, older children's behavior is affected more dramatically by parental mental disorders, especially among girls; 13 to 14-year-old girls with both parental risk factors are virtually as deviant as male agemates with both risks. Each one of these effects is present regardless of family income level; however, net of these risks, household income is negatively associated with deviant behavior—a 10% increase in income is associated with a 1.3% decrease in adolescent deviance.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Angew, R. (1985). Social control theory and delinquency: A longitudinal test.Criminology 23: 47–61.
Agnew, R. (1991). A longitudinal test of social control theory and delinquency.J. Res. Crime Delinq. 28: 126–156.
Andersen, E. B. (1980).Discrete Statistical Models with Social Science Applications, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Barber, B. K., and Rollins, B. C. (eds.) (1990).Parent-Adolescent Relationships, University Press of America, Lanham, MD.
Barnes, G. M., and Farrell, M. P. (1992). Parental support and control as predictors of adolescent drinking, delinquency, and related problem behaviors.J. Marriage Family 54: 763–776.
Baumrind, D. (1991a). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use.J. Early Adolesc. 11: 56–95.
Baumrind, D. (1991b). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In Lerner, R. M., Petersen, A. C., and Brooks-Gunn, J. (eds.),Encyclopedia of Adolescence, Vol. 2, Garland, New York, pp. 746–758.
Beardslee, W., Schultz, L., and Selman, R. (1987). Level of social cognitive development, adaptive functioning, and DSM-III diagnoses in adolescent offspring of parents with affective disorders: Implications of the development of the capacity for mutuality.Dev. Psychol. 23: 807–815.
Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G., Klebanov, P., and Sealand, N. (1993). Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development?Am. J. Sociol. 99: 353–395.
Cernkovich, S., and Giordano, P. (1987). Family relationships and delinquency.Criminology 15: 295–321.
Chassin, L., Pillow, D. R., Curran, P. J., Molina, B. S. G., and Barrera, M., Jr. (1993). Relation of parental alcoholism to early adolescent substance use: A test of three mediating mechanisms.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 102: 3–19.
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Jr., Lorenz, F. O., and Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents.Child Dev. 65: 541–561.
Cox, D. R., and Snell, E. J. (1989).Analysis of Binary Data, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London.
Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., and Bates, J. E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems.Child Dev. 65: 649–665.
Downey, G., and Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review.Psychol. Bull. 108: 50–76.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., and Ageton, S. A. (1985).Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use, Sage, Beverly Hills.
Fienberg, S. E. (1980).The Analysis of Cross-Classified Categorical Data, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Goodman, L. A. (1990). Total-score models and Rasch-type models for the analysis of a multidimensional contingency table. In Clogg, C. C. (ed.),Sociological Methodology 1990, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 249–294.
Gove, W. R., and Crutchfield, R. D. (1982). The family and juvenile delinquency.Sociol. Q. 23: 301–319.
Gross, J. and McCaul, M. E. (1990–1991). A comparison of drug use and adjustment in urban adolescent children of substance abusers.Int. J. Addict. 25: 495–511.
Grove, W. M., and Su, S. S. (1993). Inter-rater reliability study of diagnoses of affective and substance use disorders, Unpublished manuscript.
Hagan, J. (1989).Structural Criminology, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
Hagan, J., Gillis, A. R., and Simpson, J. (1990). Clarifying and extending power-control theory.Am. J. Sociol. 95: 1024–1037.
Hammen, C., Gordon, G., Burge, D., Adrian, C., Jaenick, C., and Hiroto, G. (1987). Maternal affective disorders, illness, and stress: Risk for children's psychopathology.Am. J. Psychiat. 144: 736–741.
Hirschi, T. (1969).Causes of Delinquency, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Hoffmann, J. P. (1993). Exploring the direct and indirect family effects on adolescent drug use.J. Drug Issues 23: 535–557.
Hoffmann, J. P. (1994). Exploring the age effects of family structure on adolescent marijuana use.J. Youth Adolesc. 23: 215–235.
Jacob, T., and Leonard, K. (1986). Psychological functioning in children of alcoholic fathers, depressed fathers, and control fathers.J. Stud. Alcohol 47: 373–380.
Jensen, G. F., and Thompson, K. (1990). What's class got to do with it? A further examination of power-control theory.Am. J. Sociol. 95: 1009–1023.
Jessor, R., and Jessor, S. L. (1977).Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth, Academic Press, New York.
Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., and Costa, F. M. (1991).Beyond Adolescence: Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Johnson, J. L., Sher, K. J., and Rolf, J. E. (1991). Models of vulnerability to psychopathology in children of alcoholics: An overview.Alcohol Health Res. World 15: 33–42.
Kandel, D., and Andrews, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers.Int. J. Addict. 22: 319–342.
Kelsey, J. L., Thompson, W. D., and Evans, A. S. (1986).Methods in Observational Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, New York.
Krohn, M. D., and Massey, J. (1980). Social control and delinquent behavior: An examination of the elements of the social bond.Sociol. Q. 21: 529–543.
LaGrange, R. L., and White, H. R. (1985). Age differences in delinquency: A test of theory.Criminology 23: 19–45.
Laub, J. H., and Sampson, R. J. (1988). Unraveling families and delinquency: A reanalysis of the Gluecks' data.Criminology 26: 355–380.
Liska, A. E., and Reed, M. D. (1985). Ties to conventional institutions and delinquency: Estimating reciprocal effects.Am. Sociol. Rev. 50: 547–560.
Loeber, R., and Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In Tonry, M., and Morris, N. (eds.),Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol. 7, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 29–149.
Maccoby, E., and Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Hetherington, E. M. (ed.),Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 4, Wiley, New York, pp. 1–101.
Mannuzza, S., Fryer, A. J., Endicott, J., and Klein, D. F. (1985).Family Informant Schedule and Criteria, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
Myers, H. F., Taylor, S., Alvy, K. T., Arrington, A., and Richardson, M. A. (1992). Parental and family predictors of behavior problems in inner-city black children.Am. J. Commun. Psychol. 20: 557–576.
Patterson, G. R., Capaldi, D., and Bank, L. (1991). An early starter model for predicting delinquency. In Pepler, D. J., and Rubin, K. H. (eds.),The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, Lawrence Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., and Dishion, T. J. (1992).Antisocial Boys, Castalia, Eugene, OR.
Petersen, G., and Rollins, B. (1987). Parent-child socialization. In Sussman, M., and Steinmetz, S. (eds.),Handbook of Marriage and the Family, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 471–507.
Osgood, D. W., Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., and Bachman, J. G. (1988). The generality of deviance in late adolescence and early adulthood.Am. Sociol. Rev. 53: 81–93.
Robins, L. N., and Regier, D. A. (1991).Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, Free Press, New York.
Rollins, B., and Thomas, D. (1979). Parental support, power, and control techniques in the socialization of children. In Burr, W., Hill, R., Nye, F. I., and Reiss, A. (eds.),Contemporary Theories About the Family, Free Pressm, New York, pp. 317–364.
Roosa, M. W., Tien, J., Groppenbacher, N., Michaels, M., and Dumka, L. (1993). Mothers' parenting behavior and child mental health in families with a problem drinking parent.J. Marriage Family 55: 107–118.
Rosenbaum, J. L. (1987). Social control, gender, and delinquency: An analysis of drug, property, and violent offenders.Just. Q. 4: 117–132.
Rossi, A. (1984). Gender and parenthood.Am. Sociol. Rev. 49: 1–19.
Rothman, K. J. (1986).Modern Epidemiology, Little, Brown, Boston, MA.
SAS Institute Inc. (1989).SAS/STAT User's Guide, Vol. 2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Rutter, M., and Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children.Psychol. Med. 14: 853–880.
Sampson, R. J., and Laub, J. H. (1994). Urban poverty and the family context of delinquency: A new look at structure and process in a classic study.Child Dev. 65: 523–540.
Schultz, T. W. (ed.) (1973).Economics of the Family, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Seilhamer, R. A. and Jacob, T. (1990). Family factors and adjustment of children of alcoholics. In Windle, M., and Searles, J. S. (eds.),Children of Alcoholics: Critical Perspectives, Guilford, New York, pp. 168–186.
Simons, R. L., Wu, C., Conger, R. D., and Lorenz, F. O. (1994). Two routes to delinquency: Differences between early and late starters in the impact of parenting and deviant peers.Criminology 32: 247–275.
Snyder, J., Dishion, T. J., and Patterson, G. R. (1986). Determinants and consequences of associating with deviant peers during preadolescence and adolescence.J. Early Adolesc. 6: 29–43.
Sorenson, A. M., and Brownfield, D. (1991). The measurement of parental influence: Assessing the relative effects of father and mother.Sociol. Methods Res. 19: 511–535.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., and First, M. B. (1990). Structured clinical interview for DSM-II1-R—Patient Edition (with Psychotic Screen)—SCID-P (W/PSYCHOTIC SCREEN)—Version 1.0, American Psychiatric Press, Inc., Washington, DC.
Su, S. S., Gerstein, D. R., Needle, R. H., and Johnson, R. A. (1994). The effects of home environment on adolescent substance use and depressive symptoms, Unpublished manuscript.
Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency.Criminology 25: 863–891.
Tittle, C. R., and Meier, R. F. (1991). Specifying the SES/delinquency relationship by social characteristics of contexts.J. Res. Crime Delinq. 28: 430–455.
Tolan, P. (1988). Socioeconomic, family, and social stress correlates of adolescent antisocial and delinquent behavior.J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 16: 317–331.
Wallerstein, J. S., and Kelly, J. B. (1980).Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce, Basic Books, New York.
Weissman, M. (1988). Psychopathology in the children of depressed parents: Direct interview studies. In Dunner, D. L., Gershon, E. S., and Barrett, J. E. (eds.),Relatives at Risk for Mental Disorder, Raven, New York, pp. 143–159.
West, M. O., and Prinz, R. J. (1987). Parental alcoholism and childhood psychopathology.Psychol. Bull. 102: 204–218.