Nghiên Cứu Về Đầu Tư Của Cha Mẹ Sau Khi Sinh Một Người Em: Ảnh Hưởng Của Quy Mô Gia Đình Tại Trung Quốc Có Tỷ Lệ Sinh Thấp

Duke University Press - Tập 57 - Trang 2085-2111 - 2020
Shuang Chen1
1Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, USA

Tóm tắt

Một khối lượng lớn nghiên cứu đã xem xét mối quan hệ giữa quy mô gia đình và phúc lợi trẻ em ở các quốc gia đang phát triển, nhưng phần lớn tài liệu này đã tập trung vào hậu quả của tỷ lệ sinh cao. Tác động của quy mô gia đình trong bối cảnh quốc gia đang phát triển có tỷ lệ sinh thấp vẫn chưa được biết đến, mặc dù ngày càng nhiều quốc gia đang phát triển dự kiến sẽ đạt mức sinh thấp hơn thay thế. Được thực hiện tại Trung Quốc từ năm 2010 đến 2016, nghiên cứu này xem xét liệu việc gia tăng quy mô gia đình có làm giảm mức đầu tư của cha mẹ dành cho đứa trẻ đầu lòng hay không. Sử dụng dữ liệu từ Nghiên cứu Bảng Gia đình Trung Quốc (CFPS), nghiên cứu này cải thiện nghiên cứu trước đây bằng cách sử dụng các biện pháp trực tiếp về đầu tư của cha mẹ, bao gồm đầu tư bằng tiền và không bằng tiền, và phân biệt giữa tài nguyên ở cấp hộ gia đình và tài nguyên cụ thể cho trẻ em. Nó cũng khai thác tính chất dọc của CFPS để trung hòa độ thiên lệch phát sinh từ việc xác định đồng thời giữa quy mô gia đình và đầu tư của cha mẹ. Kết quả cho thấy việc có một người em nhỏ hơn làm giảm đáng kể chi tiêu trung bình của hộ gia đình trên mỗi đầu người. Nó cũng làm giảm trực tiếp mức đầu tư của cha mẹ dành cho đứa trẻ đầu lòng, với hai ngoại lệ: (1) đối với những cậu bé đầu lòng, việc có một em gái nhỏ hơn không tạo ra sự cạnh tranh; và (2) đối với những đứa trẻ đầu lòng có mẹ đã hoàn thành giáo dục tiểu học hoặc cao hơn, việc có một người em trai nhỏ hơn không làm giảm khát vọng giáo dục của cha mẹ dành cho chúng. Những phát hiện từ nghiên cứu này cung cấp cái nhìn đầu tiên về cách trẻ em phát triển khi Trung Quốc chuyển đổi sang chế độ chính sách hai con toàn dân, nhưng có những ý nghĩa rộng hơn ngoài bối cảnh Trung Quốc.

Từ khóa

#quy mô gia đình #đầu tư của cha mẹ #phúc lợi trẻ em #Trung Quốc #chính sách sinh con hai con

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