Para-inflammation in the aging retina

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research - Tập 28 - Trang 348-368 - 2009
Heping Xu1, Mei Chen1, John V. Forrester1
1Immunology and Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen School of Medicine, Foresterhill AB25 2ZD, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abu El-Asrar, 2001, Expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the retinas of human subjects with diabetes mellitus, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 132, 551, 10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01127-8 Acosta, 2000, Molecular basis for a link between complement and the vascular complications of diabetes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 5450, 10.1073/pnas.97.10.5450 Adamis, 2008, Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, Semin. Immunopathol., 30, 65, 10.1007/s00281-008-0111-x Akira, 2004, Functions of toll-like receptors: lessons from KO mice, C.R. Biol., 327, 581, 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.002 Anderson, 2002, A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 134, 411, 10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01624-0 Anderson, 2004, Characterization of beta amyloid assemblies in drusen: the deposits associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration, Exp. Eye Res., 78, 243, 10.1016/j.exer.2003.10.011 Antonetti, 1999, Molecular mechanisms of vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy, Semin. Ophthalmol., 14, 240, 10.3109/08820539909069543 Ayalasomayajula, 2004, Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, but not cyclooxygenase-1, reduces prostaglandin E2 secretion from diabetic rat retinas, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 498, 275, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.046 Bajetto, 1999, Expression of chemokine receptors in the rat brain, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 876, 201, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07640.x Banisadr, 2005, Constitutive neuronal expression of CCR2 chemokine receptor and its colocalization with neurotransmitters in normal rat brain: functional effect of MCP-1/CCL2 on calcium mobilization in primary cultured neurons, J. Comp. Neurol., 492, 178, 10.1002/cne.20729 Barile, 2007, RAGE and its ligands in retinal disease, Curr. Mol. Med., 7, 758, 10.2174/156652407783220778 Barouch, 2000, Integrin-mediated neutrophil adhesion and retinal leukostasis in diabetes, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 1153 Barton, 2003, Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, Science, 300, 1524, 10.1126/science.1085536 Besnard, 2002, Expression and regulation of the nuclear receptor RORalpha in human vascular cells, FEBS Lett., 511, 36, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03275-6 Bianchi, 2007, High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein at the crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity, Immunol. Rev., 220, 35, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00574.x Bird, 1986, Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly, Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U. K., 105, 674 Bonifati, 2007, Role of complement in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, Mol. Immunol., 44, 999, 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.007 Bora, 2007, CD59, a complement regulatory protein, controls choroidal neovascularization in a mouse model of wet-type age-related macular degeneration, J. Immunol., 178, 1783, 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1783 Bora, 2005, Role of complement and complement membrane attack complex in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, J. Immunol., 174, 491, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.1.491 Bosco, 2008, Reduced retina microglial activation and improved optic nerve integrity with minocycline treatment in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 1437, 10.1167/iovs.07-1337 Cai, 2000, Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 19, 205, 10.1016/S1350-9462(99)00009-9 Cantor, 2006, Hyaluronan: the Jekyll and Hyde molecule, Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets, 5, 257, 10.2174/187152806779010936 Carmo, 2000, Nitric oxide synthase activity in retinas from non-insulin-dependent diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats: correlation with blood–retinal barrier permeability, Nitric Oxide, 4, 590, 10.1006/niox.2000.0312 Cernadas, 1998, Expression of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthases in the vascular wall of young and aging rats, Circ. Res., 83, 279, 10.1161/01.RES.83.3.279 Chan-Ling, 2007, Inflammation and breakdown of the blood–retinal barrier during “physiological aging” in the rat retina: a model for CNS aging, Microcirculation, 14, 63, 10.1080/10739680601073451 Chen, 2008, The aged retinal pigment epithelium/choroid: a potential substratum for the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, PLoS ONE, 3, e2339, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002339 Chen, 2008, Up-regulation of complement factor B in retinal pigment epithelial cells is accompanied by complement activation in the aged retina, Exp. Eye Res., 87, 543, 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.005 Chen, 2007, Synthesis of complement factor H by retinal pigment epithelial cells is down-regulated by oxidized photoreceptor outer segments, Exp. Eye Res., 84, 635, 10.1016/j.exer.2006.11.015 Cheon, 2002, Nitric oxide synthase expression in the transient ischemic rat retina: neuroprotection of betaxolol, Neurosci. Lett., 330, 265, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00804-2 Cherepanoff, 2006, Retinal autoantibody profile in early age-related macular degeneration: preliminary findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study, Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 34, 590, 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01281.x Cherra, 2008, Autophagy in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration: a question of balance, Future Neurol., 3, 309, 10.2217/14796708.3.3.309 Clynes, 2007, Receptor for AGE (RAGE): weaving tangled webs within the inflammatory response, Curr. Mol. Med., 7, 743, 10.2174/156652407783220714 Coleman, 2008, Risk factors for glaucoma onset and progression, Surv. Ophthalmol., 53, S3, 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.006 Combadiere, 2007, CX3CR1-dependent subretinal microglia cell accumulation is associated with cardinal features of age-related macular degeneration, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 2920, 10.1172/JCI31692 Copland, 2007, Monoclonal antibody-mediated CD200 receptor signaling suppresses macrophage activation and tissue damage in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, Am. J. Pathol., 171, 580, 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070272 Coraci, 2002, CD36, a class B scavenger receptor, is expressed on microglia in Alzheimer's disease brains and can mediate production of reactive oxygen species in response to beta-amyloid fibrils, Am. J. Pathol., 160, 101, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64354-4 Corasaniti, 2001, Evidence that the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 causes neuronal apoptosis in the neocortex of rat via a mechanism involving CXCR4 chemokine receptor, Neurosci. Lett., 312, 67, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02191-7 Cosentino, 2006, Nitric oxide release is impaired in hypertensive individuals with familial history of stroke, Am. J. Hypertens., 19, 1213, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.06.002 Crabb, 2002, Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 14682, 10.1073/pnas.222551899 Crack, 2005, Reactive oxygen species and the modulation of stroke, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 38, 1433, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.01.019 Curcio, 1993, Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 34, 3278 Cusi, 2000, Insulin resistance differentially affects the PI 3-kinase- and MAP kinase-mediated signaling in human muscle, J. Clin. Invest., 105, 311, 10.1172/JCI7535 Davies, 2005, Glycation of CD59 impairs complement regulation on erythrocytes from diabetic subjects, Immunology, 114, 280, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02086.x De La, 1985, Changes in the macrophage function with aging, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 81, 935, 10.1016/0300-9629(85)90933-8 De La, 2000, Effect of aging on the modulation of macrophage functions by neuropeptides, Life Sci., 67, 2125, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00799-2 Dick, 2003, Control of myeloid activity during retinal inflammation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 74, 161, 10.1189/jlb.1102535 Donato, 2008, Aging is associated with greater nuclear NFkappaB, reduced IkappaBalpha, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells of healthy humans, Aging Cell, 7, 805, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00438.x Du, 2002, Diabetes-induced nitrative stress in the retina, and correction by aminoguanidine, J. Neurochem., 80, 771, 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00737.x Dumitriu, 2005, Requirement of HMGB1 and RAGE for the maturation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 35, 2184, 10.1002/eji.200526066 Dumitriu, 2005, HMGB1: guiding immunity from within, Trends Immunol., 26, 381, 10.1016/j.it.2005.04.009 Duncan, 2002, Human retinal pigment epithelial cells express scavenger receptors BI and BII, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 292, 1017, 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6756 Ebihara, 2007, Distinct functions between toll-like receptors 3 and 9 in retinal pigment epithelial cells, Ophtha. Res., 39, 155, 10.1159/000103235 Edens, 2000, Modulation of epithelial and endothelial paracellular permeability by leukocytes, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 41, 315, 10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00049-1 Edwards, 2005, Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration, Science, 308, 421, 10.1126/science.1110189 Fadok, 1998, Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 890, 10.1172/JCI1112 Fadok, 1998, Regulation of macrophage cytokine production by phagocytosis of apoptotic and post-apoptotic cells, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 26, 653, 10.1042/bst0260653 Felzien, 2001, Increased chemokine gene expression during aging in the murine brain, Brain Res., 890, 137, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)03090-0 Fernandes, 2008, Oxidative inactivation of the proteasome in retinal pigment epithelial cells. A potential link between oxidative stress and up-regulation of interleukin-8, J. Biol. Chem., 283, 20745, 10.1074/jbc.M800268200 Fernandez-Durango, 2008, Expression of nitrotyrosine and oxidative consequences in the trabecular meshwork of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 2506, 10.1167/iovs.07-1363 Forrester, 1990, Regulation of the local immune response by retinal cells, Curr. Eye Res., 183, 10.3109/02713689008999440 Forrester, 2005, Choroidal dendritic cells require activation to present antigen and resident choroidal macrophages potentiate this response, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 89, 369, 10.1136/bjo.2004.054197 Forrester, 1994, Localization and characterization of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells in the posterior segment of the eye: implications for induction of autoimmune uveoretinitis, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 64 Freeman, 1982, Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury, Lab. Invest., 47, 412 Friedman, 2004, Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States, Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 564, 10.1001/archopht.122.4.564 Gao, 1992, Aging of the human retina. Differential loss of neurons and retinal pigment epithelial cells, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 33, 1 Gehrmann, 1995, Microglia: intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 20, 269, 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00015-H Glabinski, 1999, Sentries at the gate: chemokines and the blood–brain barrier, J. Neurovirol., 5, 623, 10.3109/13550289909021291 Glenn, 2009, Advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation on Bruch's membrane: links to age-related RPE dysfunction, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 50, 441, 10.1167/iovs.08-1724 Gordon, 2003, Alternative activation of macrophages, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3, 23, 10.1038/nri978 Gorgani, 2008, Complement receptor of the Ig superfamily enhances complement-mediated phagocytosis in a subpopulation of tissue resident macrophages, J. Immunol., 181, 7902, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7902 Goto, 2005, Contribution of nitric oxide-producing cells in normal and diabetic rat retina, Jpn. J. Ophthalmol., 49, 363, 10.1007/s10384-004-0213-5 Griffiths, 2007, Innate immunity and protective neuroinflammation: new emphasis on the role of neuroimmune regulatory proteins, Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 82, 29, 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82002-2 Gu, 2003, Carboxyethylpyrrole protein adducts and autoantibodies, biomarkers for age-related macular degeneration, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 42027, 10.1074/jbc.M305460200 Gurne, 1991, Antiretinal antibodies in serum of patients with age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmology, 98, 602, 10.1016/S0161-6420(91)32252-8 Hageman, 2005, From the cover: a common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration, PNAS, 102, 7227, 10.1073/pnas.0501536102 Haines, 2005, Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration, Science, 308, 419, 10.1126/science.1110359 Han, 2007, Age-related structural abnormalities in the human retina-choroid complex revealed by two-photon excited autofluorescence imaging, J. Biomed. Opt., 12, 024012, 10.1117/1.2717522 Handa, 1999, Increase in the advanced glycation end product pentosidine in Bruch's membrane with age, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 775 Hansson, 2006, Inflammation and atherosclerosis, Annu. Rev. Pathol., 1, 297, 10.1146/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100 Harhaj, 2004, Regulation of tight junctions and loss of barrier function in pathophysiology, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 36, 1206, 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.007 Harman, 1956, Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry, J. Gerontol., 11, 298, 10.1093/geronj/11.3.298 Harman, 1981, The aging process, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 78, 7124, 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124 Harris, 1998, Diabetes in America: epidemiology and scope of the problem, Diabetes Care, 21, C11, 10.2337/diacare.21.3.C11 Hayek, 1997, Enhanced expression of inducible cyclooxygenase with age in murine macrophages, J. Immunol., 159, 2445, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.5.2445 He, 1997, CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia, Nature, 385, 645, 10.1038/385645a0 Helmy, 2006, CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis of circulating pathogens, Cell, 124, 915, 10.1016/j.cell.2005.12.039 Herold, 2007, Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in a dash to the rescue: inflammatory signals gone awry in the primal response to stress, J. Leukoc. Biol., 82, 204, 10.1189/jlb.1206751 Herrero, 2002, Immunosenescence of macrophages: reduced MHC class II gene expression, Exp. Gerontol., 37, 389, 10.1016/S0531-5565(01)00205-4 Higgins, 2003, Induction of angiogenic cytokine expression in cultured RPE by ingestion of oxidized photoreceptor outer segments, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 44, 1775, 10.1167/iovs.02-0742 Hollyfield, 1999, Hyaluronan and the functional organization of the interphotoreceptor matrix, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2767 Hollyfield, 2008, Oxidative damage-induced inflammation initiates age-related macular degeneration, Nat. Med., 14, 194, 10.1038/nm1709 Hollyfield, 1998, Hyaluronan in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the eye: species differences in content, distribution, ligand binding and degradation, Exp. Eye Res., 66, 241, 10.1006/exer.1997.0422 Hollyfield, 2003, Proteomic approaches to understanding age-related macular degeneration, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 533, 83, 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_11 Howes, 2004, Receptor for advanced glycation end products and age-related macular degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 45, 3713, 10.1167/iovs.04-0404 Hughes, 2003, Generation of activated sialoadhesin-positive microglia during retinal degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 44, 2229, 10.1167/iovs.02-0824 Ischiropoulos, 1992, Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration catalyzed by superoxide dismutase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 298, 431, 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90431-U Jha, 2007, The role of complement system in ocular diseases including uveitis and macular degeneration, Mol. Immunol., 44, 3901, 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.145 Jha, 2006, The complement system plays a critical role in the development of experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 47, 1030, 10.1167/iovs.05-1062 Jiang, 2005, Regulation of lung injury and repair by Toll-like receptors and hyaluronan, Nat. Med., 11, 1173, 10.1038/nm1315 Jiang, 1993, Subretinal space and vitreous cavity as immunologically privileged sites for retinal allografts, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 34, 3347 Jin, 2008, Structures of the toll-like receptor family and its ligand complexes, Immunity, 29, 182, 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.07.007 Johnson, 1999, Increased vasodilatory prostaglandin production in the diabetic rat retinal vasculature, Curr. Eye Res., 18, 79, 10.1076/ceyr.18.2.79.5386 Joussen, 2001, Leukocyte-mediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina, Am. J. Pathol., 158, 147, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63952-1 Joussen, 2002, Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and initiates early diabetic retinal leukocyte adhesion in vivo, Am. J. Pathol., 160, 501, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64869-9 Ju, 2001, Sodium nitroprusside selectively induces apoptotic cell death in the outer retina of the rat, Neuroreport, 12, 4075, 10.1097/00001756-200112210-00043 Kawai, 2007, Signaling to NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptors, Trends Mol. Med., 13, 460, 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.09.002 Kawai, 2007, TLR signaling, Semin. Immunol., 19, 24, 10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.004 Kelly, 2007, Senescence regulates macrophage activation and angiogenic fate at sites of tissue injury in mice, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 3421, 10.1172/JCI32430 Kezic, 2008, Retinal microglia and uveal tract dendritic cells and macrophages are not CX3CR1 dependent in their recruitment and distribution in the young mouse eye, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 1599, 10.1167/iovs.07-0953 Khare, 1996, Effect of aging on the tumoricidal functions of murine peritoneal macrophages, Nat. Immun., 15, 285 Khurana, 2008, Mitochondrial oxidative DNA damage in experimental autoimmune uveitis, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 3299, 10.1167/iovs.07-1607 Kim, 2009, Regulated secretion of complement factor H by RPE and its role in RPE migration, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 10.1007/s00417-009-1049-y King, 2008, The role of inflammatory cytokines in diabetes and its complications, J. Periodontol., 79, 1527, 10.1902/jop.2008.080246 King, 1993, ‘Footprinting’ proteins on DNA with peroxonitrous acid, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 2473, 10.1093/nar/21.10.2473 Klein, 1995, Comparative studies on vascular endothelium in vitro. 3. Effects of cytokines on the expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by cultured human endothelial cells obtained from different passages, Pathobiology, 63, 83, 10.1159/000163938 Klein, 2005, Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration, Science, 308, 385, 10.1126/science.1109557 Klein, 2004, The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 137, 486, 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.11.069 Kono, 2008, How dying cells alert the immune system to danger, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 8, 279, 10.1038/nri2215 Kowluru, 2004, Role of interleukin-1beta in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 88, 1343, 10.1136/bjo.2003.038133 Krady, 2005, Minocycline reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression, microglial activation, and caspase-3 activation in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy, Diabetes, 54, 1559, 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1559 Krishnamoorthy, 1999, Photo-oxidative stress down-modulates the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB via involvement of caspase-1, leading to apoptosis of photoreceptor cells, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 3734, 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3734 Kuehn, 2006, Retinal synthesis and deposition of complement components induced by ocular hypertension, Exp. Eye Res., 83, 620, 10.1016/j.exer.2006.03.002 Kumar, 2004, Innate immunity in the retina: Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 153, 7, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.04.018 Ladeby, 2005, Microglial cell population dynamics in the injured adult central nervous system, Brain Res. Rev., 48, 196, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.009 Lavi, 1997, CXCR-4 (Fusin), a co-receptor for the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), is expressed in the human brain in a variety of cell types, including microglia and neurons, Am. J. Pathol., 151, 1035 Leal, 2007, Inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform is a key mediator of leukostasis and blood–retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 5257, 10.1167/iovs.07-0112 Li, 2008, Oxidative-induced apoptosis to an immortalized ganglion cell line is caspase independent but involves the activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and apoptosis-inducing factor, Brain Res., 1188, 35, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.073 Liversidge, 2002, Nitric oxide mediates apoptosis through formation of peroxynitrite and Fas/Fas-ligand interactions in experimental autoimmune uveitis, Am. J. Pathol., 160, 905, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64913-9 Liversidge, 1994, Rat retinal pigment epithelial cells express an inducible form of nitric oxide synthase and produce nitric oxide in response to inflammatory cytokines and activated T cells, Immunology, 83, 404 Liversidge, 1993, Retinal pigment epithelial cells modulate lymphocyte function at the blood–retina barrier by autocrine PGE2 and membrane-bound mechanisms, Cell. Immunol., 149, 315, 10.1006/cimm.1993.1158 Lloberas, 2002, Effect of aging on macrophage function, Exp. Gerontol., 37, 1325, 10.1016/S0531-5565(02)00125-0 Lopes, 2008, Microglial dystrophy in the aged and Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with ferritin immunoreactivity, Glia, 56, 1048, 10.1002/glia.20678 Ma, 1998, Contribution of microglia as passenger leukocytes to the fate of intraocular neuronal retinal grafts, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 2384 Ma, 1999, T cell immunity induced by allogeneic microglia in relation to neuronal retina transplantation, J. Immunol., 162, 4482, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4482 Ma, 2004, TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-kappa B activation, Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 286, G367, 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2003 Margrain, 2004, Do blue light filters confer protection against age-related macular degeneration?, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 23, 523, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.05.001 McGeer, 2005, Inflammation, the complement system and the diseases of aging, Neurobiol. Aging, 26, 94, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.008 McGeer, 2004, Inflammation and the degenerative diseases of aging, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1035, 104, 10.1196/annals.1332.007 McKee, 1996, Hyaluronan (HA) fragments induce chemokine gene expression in alveolar macrophages. The role of HA size and CD44, J. Clin. Invest., 98, 2403, 10.1172/JCI119054 McMenamin, 1997, The distribution of immune cells in the uveal tract of the normal eye, Eye, 11, 183, 10.1038/eye.1997.49 McMenamin, 1999, Dendritic cells and macrophages in the uveal tract of the normal mouse eye, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 83, 598, 10.1136/bjo.83.5.598 McMenamin, 1999, Subretinal macrophages in the developing eye of eutherian mammals and marsupials, Anat. Embryol. (Berl.), 200, 551, 10.1007/s004290050303 McMenamin, 1990, Cells resembling intraventricular macrophages are present in the subretinal space of human foetal eyes, Anat. Rec., 227, 245, 10.1002/ar.1092270213 Medzhitov, 2008, Origin and physiological roles of inflammation, Nature, 454, 428, 10.1038/nature07201 Medzhitov, 2000, Innate immune recognition: mechanisms and pathways, Immunol. Rev., 173, 89, 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2000.917309.x Medzhitov, 2000, The Toll receptor family and microbial recognition, Trends Microbiol., 8, 452, 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01845-X Medzhitov, 2000, How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself?, Semin. Immunol., 12, 185, 10.1006/smim.2000.0230 Medzhitov, 2002, Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system, Science, 296, 298, 10.1126/science.1068883 Medzhitov, 1997, A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity, Nature, 388, 394, 10.1038/41131 Mehdizadeh, 2008, Oxidative stress and open angle glaucoma: is oxidative stress a mechanism for glaucomatous damage or a by-product of topical antiglaucoma medication?, J. Glaucoma, 17, 505, 10.1097/IJG.0b013e318188b21f Mevorach, 2000, Opsonization of apoptotic cells. Implications for uptake and autoimmunity, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 926, 226, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05615.x Mevorach, 1998, Complement-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells by human macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 188, 2313, 10.1084/jem.188.12.2313 Miyake, 2007, Innate immune sensing of pathogens and danger signals by cell surface Toll-like receptors, Semin. Immunol., 19, 3, 10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.002 Miyamoto, 1998, In vivo demonstration of increased leukocyte entrapment in retinal microcirculation of diabetic rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 2190 Miyata, 1996, The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a central mediator of the interaction of AGE-beta2microglobulin with human mononuclear phagocytes via an oxidant-sensitive pathway. Implications for the pathogenesis of dialysis-related amyloidosis, J. Clin. Invest., 98, 1088, 10.1172/JCI118889 Moshfeghi, 2007, Role of genetic factors and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration, Retina, 27, 269, 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31802e3e9b Mozaffarieh, 2008, Oxygen and blood flow: players in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, Mol. Vis., 14, 224 Mrak, 2005, Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration, Neurobiol. Aging, 26, 349, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.010 Mullins, 2000, Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease, FASEB J., 14, 835, 10.1096/fasebj.14.7.835 Naskar, 2002, Detection of early neuron degeneration and accompanying microglial responses in the retina of a rat model of glaucoma, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 43, 2962 Naveh-Floman, 1984, Arachidonic acid metabolism by retinas of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Curr. Eye Res., 3, 1135, 10.3109/02713688409000813 Neufeld, 1999, Microglia in the optic nerve head and the region of parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in glaucoma, Arch. Ophthalmol., 117, 1050, 10.1001/archopht.117.8.1050 Neufeld, 1999, Nitric oxide: a potential mediator of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma, Surv. Ophthalmol., 43, S129, 10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00010-7 Newsome, 1987, Bruch's membrane age-related changes vary by region, Curr. Eye Res., 6, 1211, 10.3109/02713688709025231 Ng, 2001, Light-induced migration of retinal microglia into the subretinal space, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42, 3301 Noble, 1996, Hyaluronan fragments activate an NF-kappa B/I-kappa B alpha autoregulatory loop in murine macrophages, J. Exp. Med., 183, 2373, 10.1084/jem.183.5.2373 Oppenheim, 2005, Autoantigens act as tissue-specific chemoattractants, J. Leukoc. Biol., 77, 854, 10.1189/jlb.1004623 Osborne, 2004, Retinal ischemia: mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 23, 91, 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001 Osborne, 2004, Metipranolol blunts nitric oxide-induced lipid peroxidation and death of retinal photoreceptors: a comparison with other anti-glaucoma drugs, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 45, 3787, 10.1167/iovs.04-0147 Osto, 2007, Restoring the dysfunctional endothelium, Curr. Pharm. Des., 13, 1053, 10.2174/138161207780487566 Osusky, 1997, Monocyte-macrophage differentiation induced by coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells with monocytes, Ophthal. Res., 29, 124, 10.1159/000268006 Osusky, 1997, Retinal pigment epithelium cells promote the maturation of monocytes to macrophages in vitro, Ophthal. Res., 29, 31, 10.1159/000267988 Park, 2006, High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 290, C917, 10.1152/ajpcell.00401.2005 Park, 2007, Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the retina of a rat model of chronic glaucoma, Vis. Res., 47, 2732, 10.1016/j.visres.2007.07.011 Patel, 2008, Immunopathological aspects of age-related macular degeneration, Semin. Immunopathol., 30, 97, 10.1007/s00281-008-0112-9 Patel, 2005, Circulating anti-retinal antibodies as immune markers in age-related macular degeneration, Immunology, 115, 422, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02173.x Penfold, 2001, Immunological and aetiological aspects of macular degeneration, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 20, 385, 10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00025-2 Penfold, 1990, Autoantibodies to retinal astrocytes associated with age-related macular degeneration, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 228, 270, 10.1007/BF00920033 Plowden, 2004, Innate immunity in aging: impact on macrophage function, Aging Cell, 3, 161, 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00102.x Poulaki, 2002, Acute intensive insulin therapy exacerbates diabetic blood–retinal barrier breakdown via hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and VEGF, J. Clin. Invest., 109, 805, 10.1172/JCI0213776 Qin, 2004, Glycation inactivation of the complement regulatory protein CD59: a possible role in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of human diabetes, Diabetes, 53, 2653, 10.2337/diabetes.53.10.2653 Quigley, 2006, The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 90, 262, 10.1136/bjo.2005.081224 Radi, 1991, Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 288, 481, 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90224-7 Radi, 1994, Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 308, 89, 10.1006/abbi.1994.1013 Ramprasad, 1995, The 94- to 97-kDa mouse macrophage membrane protein that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein and phosphatidylserine-rich liposomes is identical to macrosialin, the mouse homologue of human CD68, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92, 9580, 10.1073/pnas.92.21.9580 Ramrattan, 1994, Morphometric analysis of Bruch's membrane, the choriocapillaris, and the choroid in aging, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 2857 Rattan, 2006, Theories of biological aging: genes, proteins, and free radicals, Free Radic. Res., 40, 1230, 10.1080/10715760600911303 Renshaw, 2002, Cutting edge: impaired Toll-like receptor expression and function in aging, J. Immunol., 169, 4697, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4697 Richter, 2003, Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin in dependence on aging, Gerontology, 49, 293, 10.1159/000071710 Rock, 1998, A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 588, 10.1073/pnas.95.2.588 Rock, 2008, The inflammatory response to cell death, Annu. Rev. Pathol., 3, 99, 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456 Rodrigues, 2007, Inflammation in dry age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmologica, 221, 143, 10.1159/000099293 Rohrer, 2007, Eliminating complement factor D reduces photoreceptor susceptibility to light-induced damage, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 5282, 10.1167/iovs.07-0282 Rohrer, 2009, A targeted inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway reduces angiogenesis in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 50, 3056, 10.1167/iovs.08-2222 Rungger-Brandle, 2000, Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 1971 Ryan, 1977, Acute inflammation. A review, Am. J. Pathol., 86, 183 Ryeom, 1996, Binding of anionic phospholipids to retinal pigment epithelium may be mediated by the scavenger receptor CD36, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 20536, 10.1074/jbc.271.34.20536 Sanvicens, 2004, Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in retinal photoreceptor cells is mediated by calpains and caspases and blocked by the oxygen radical scavenger CR-6, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 39268, 10.1074/jbc.M402202200 Sappington, 2008, Contribution of TRPV1 to microglia-derived IL-6 and NFkappaB translocation with elevated hydrostatic pressure, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 3004, 10.1167/iovs.07-1355 Saraswathy, 2008, Photoreceptor mitochondrial oxidative stress in experimental autoimmune uveitis, Ophthalmic Res., 40, 160, 10.1159/000119869 Schiffrin, 2001, A critical review of the role of endothelial factors in the pathogenesis of hypertension, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 38, S3, 10.1097/00005344-200111002-00002 Schmidt, 1994, Receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has a central role in vessel wall interactions and gene activation in response to circulating AGE proteins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 8807, 10.1073/pnas.91.19.8807 Schmidt, 1995, Advanced glycation end products interacting with their endothelial receptor induce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured human endothelial cells and in mice. A potential mechanism for the accelerated vasculopathy of diabetes, J. Clin. Invest., 96, 1395, 10.1172/JCI118175 Schmidt, 2001, The multiligand receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying immune and inflammatory responses, J. Clin. Invest., 108, 949, 10.1172/JCI200114002 Scholl, 2008, Systemic complement activation in age-related macular degeneration, PLoS ONE, 3, e2593, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002593 Schroder, 1991, Activated monocytes and granulocytes, capillary nonperfusion, and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy, Am. J. Pathol., 139, 81 Serra, A.M., Waddell, J.M., Cotter, M.A., Xu, H., Forrester, J.F., 2007. Entrapment of CD11b positive monocyte in diabetic retinopathy. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48: E-abstract 4986. Shen, 2003, Yin and Yang: complement activation and regulation in Alzheimer's disease, Prog. Neurobiol., 70, 463, 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.08.001 Sheng, 1998, Distribution of interleukin-1-immunoreactive microglia in cerebral cortical layers: implications for neuritic plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 24, 278, 10.1046/j.1365-2990.1998.00122.x Sheng, 1998, Enlarged and phagocytic, but not primed, interleukin-1 alpha-immunoreactive microglia increase with age in normal human brain, Acta Neuropathol., 95, 229, 10.1007/s004010050792 Skeie, 2008, Macrophages in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: friends or foes?, Eye, 23, 747, 10.1038/eye.2008.206 Sohn, 2007, Complement, innate immunity and ocular disease, Chem. Immunol. Allergy, 92, 105, 10.1159/000099261 Spiteller, 2006, Peroxyl radicals: inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases. Their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, and proteins into deleterious products, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 41, 362, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.013 Stadtman, 1997, Reactive oxygen-mediated protein oxidation in aging and disease, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10, 485, 10.1021/tx960133r Stamatovic, 2003, Potential role of MCP-1 in endothelial cell tight junction ‘opening’: signaling via Rho and Rho kinase, J. Cell. Sci., 116, 4615, 10.1242/jcs.00755 Stasi, 2006, Complement component 1Q (C1Q) upregulation in retina of murine, primate, and human glaucomatous eyes, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 47, 1024, 10.1167/iovs.05-0830 Steinle, 2008, Normal aging involves altered expression of growth factors in the rat choroid, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 63, 135, 10.1093/gerona/63.2.135 Steinle, 2009, Normal aging involves modulation of specific inflammatory markers in the rat retina and choroid, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 64, 325, 10.1093/gerona/gln052 Stern, 2006, Hyaluronan fragments: an information-rich system, Eur. J. Cell Biol., 85, 699, 10.1016/j.ejcb.2006.05.009 Streilein, 2002, Immunobiology and privilege of neuronal retina and pigment epithelium transplants, Vis. Res., 42, 487, 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00185-7 Streit, 2004, Dystrophic microglia in the aging human brain, Glia, 45, 208, 10.1002/glia.10319 Stumm, 2007, CXC chemokine receptor 4 regulates neuronal migration and axonal pathfinding in the developing nervous system: implications for neuronal regeneration in the adult brain, J. Mol. Endocrinol., 38, 377, 10.1677/JME-06-0032 Suematsu, 2002, The inflammatory aspect of the microcirculation in hypertension: oxidative stress, leukocytes/endothelial interaction, apoptosis, Microcirculation, 9, 259, 10.1038/sj.mn.7800141 Sugita, 2008, Retinal pigment epithelium-derived CTLA-2alpha induces TGFbeta-producing T regulatory cells, J. Immunol., 181, 7525, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7525 Sugita, 2009, T cell suppression by programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 on retinal pigment epithelium during inflammatory conditions, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 50, 2862, 10.1167/iovs.08-2846 Swaroop, 2007, Genetic susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration: a paradigm for dissecting complex disease traits, Hum. Mol. Genet., 16, R174, 10.1093/hmg/ddm212 Takeda, 2002, Recognition of lipopeptides by Toll-like receptors, J. Endotoxin Res., 8, 459, 10.1179/096805102125001073 Takizawa, 1996, Enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis upon iC3b deposition on apoptotic cells, FEBS Lett., 397, 269, 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01197-0 Terao, 2002, Immune response gene expression increases in the aging murine hippocampus, J. Neuroimmunol., 132, 99, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00317-X Tezel, 2003, Immunohistochemical assessment of the glial mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in glaucoma, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 44, 3025, 10.1167/iovs.02-1136 Tezel, 2004, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve head, Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 1348, 10.1001/archopht.122.9.1348 Tezel, 2004, Heat shock proteins, immunity and glaucoma, Brain Res. Bull., 62, 473, 10.1016/S0361-9230(03)00074-1 Thornton, 2005, Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: a review of association, Eye, 19, 935, 10.1038/sj.eye.6701978 Tian, 2005, Advanced glycation endproduct-induced aging of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid: a comprehensive transcriptional response, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102, 11846, 10.1073/pnas.0504759102 Tsutsumi, 2003, The critical role of ocular-infiltrating macrophages in the development of choroidal neovascularization, J. Leukoc. Biol., 74, 25, 10.1189/jlb.0902436 Usui, 2008, Functional expression of B7H1 on retinal pigment epithelial cells, Exp. Eye Res., 86, 52, 10.1016/j.exer.2007.09.007 VanNewkirk, 2000, The prevalence of age-related maculopathy: the visual impairment project, Ophthalmology, 107, 1593, 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00175-5 Vergani, 1986, Complement activation in uveitis, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 70, 60, 10.1136/bjo.70.1.60 Vohra, 2006, Atherosclerosis and the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein scavenger receptor, Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 16, 60, 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.12.001 Voll, 1997, Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells, Nature, 390, 350, 10.1038/37022 Walker, 2009, Decreased expression of CD200 and CD200 receptor in Alzheimer's disease: a potential mechanism leading to chronic inflammation, Exp. Neurol., 215, 5, 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.003 Wang, 2009, Autophagy, exosomes and drusen formation in age-related macular degeneration, Autophagy, 5, 563, 10.4161/auto.5.4.8163 Wang, 2008, Increased mitochondrial DNA damage and down-regulation of DNA repair enzymes in aged rodent retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, Mol. Vis., 14, 644 Wang, 2004, Differential gene expression of early and late passage retinal pigment epithelial cells, Exp. Eye Res., 79, 209, 10.1016/j.exer.2004.03.013 Wax, 2009, Immunoregulation of retinal ganglion cells fate in glaucoma, Exp. Eye Res, 88, 825, 10.1016/j.exer.2009.02.005 Wax, 2001, Serum autoantibodies to heat shock proteins in glaucoma patients from Japan and the United States, Ophthalmology, 108, 296, 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00525-X Wax, 2008, Induced autoimmunity to heat shock proteins elicits glaucomatous loss of retinal ganglion cell neurons via activated T-cell-derived fas-ligand, J. Neurosci., 28, 12085, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3200-08.2008 Wenkel, 1999, Immune privilege is extended, then withdrawn, from allogeneic tumor cell grafts placed in the subretinal space, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 3202 Wenkel, 2000, Evidence that retinal pigment epithelium functions as an immune-privileged tissue, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 3467 Wong, 2008, Modulation of neuro-inflammation and vascular response by oxidative stress following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, Curr. Med. Chem., 15, 1, 10.2174/092986708783330665 Xu, 2008, Age-dependent accumulation of lipofuscin in perivascular and subretinal microglia in experimental mice, Aging Cell, 7, 58, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00351.x Xu, 2007, Turnover of resident retinal microglia in the normal adult mouse, Glia, 55, 1189, 10.1002/glia.20535 Xu, 2007, LYVE positive macrophages are present in normal murine eyes, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 2162, 10.1167/iovs.06-0783 Xu, 2007, Identification of novel dendritic cell populations in normal mouse retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 1701, 10.1167/iovs.06-0697 Xu, 2005, Leukocyte diapedesis in vivo induces transient loss of tight junction protein at the blood–retina barrier, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 46, 2487, 10.1167/iovs.04-1333 Yamada, 2006, The expression of advanced glycation endproduct receptors in RPE cells associated with basal deposits in human maculas, Exp. Eye Res., 82, 840, 10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.005 Yan, 2000, Cellular cofactors potentiating induction of stress and cytotoxicity by amyloid beta-peptide, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1502, 145, 10.1016/S0925-4439(00)00041-7 Yang, 2006, Relationships among acylation stimulating protein, adiponectin and complement C3 in lean vs obese type 2 diabetes, Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 30, 439, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803173 Yoshida, 2001, Differential chemokine regulation by Th2 cytokines during human RPE-monocyte coculture, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 42, 1631 Yuan, 2000, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a potentially neurodestructive cytokine produced by glia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head, Glia, 32, 42, 10.1002/1098-1136(200010)32:1<42::AID-GLIA40>3.0.CO;2-3 Yuan, 2001, Activated microglia in the human glaucomatous optic nerve head, J. Neurosci. Res., 64, 523, 10.1002/jnr.1104 Zamiri, 2007, Immunosuppressive properties of the pigmented epithelial cells and the subretinal space, Chem. Immunol. Allergy, 92, 86, 10.1159/000099259 Zanon-Moreno, 2008, Oxidative stress in primary open-angle glaucoma, J. Glaucoma, 17, 263, 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31815c3a7f Zarbin, 2004, Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 598, 10.1001/archopht.122.4.598 Zeng, 2008, Microglial activation in human diabetic retinopathy, Arch. Ophthalmol., 126, 227, 10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.65 Zhang, 2006, Selective inhibition by grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts of cell adhesion molecule expression induced by advanced glycation end products in endothelial cells, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 48, 47, 10.1097/01.fjc.0000242058.72471.0c Zhang, 2002, Early complement activation and decreased levels of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored complement inhibitors in human and experimental diabetic retinopathy, Diabetes, 51, 3499, 10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3499 Zhang, 2006, Mammalian toll-like receptors: from endogenous ligands to tissue regeneration, Cell Mol. Life Sci., 63, 2901, 10.1007/s00018-006-6189-1 Zhou, 2005, Involvement of inflammation, degradation, and apoptosis in a mouse model of glaucoma, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 31240, 10.1074/jbc.M502641200 Zhu, 2006, Constitutive nitric oxide synthase activity is required to trigger ischemic tolerance in mouse retina, Exp. Eye Res., 82, 153, 10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.005 Zissel, 1999, Age-related decrease in accessory cell function of human alveolar macrophages, J. Investig. Med., 47, 51