Pain relief following thoracic surgery

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Comparison with morphine, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 49, 251, 10.1093/bja/49.3.251 Eason, 1979, Paravertebral thoracic block—a reappraisal, Anaesthesia, 34, 638, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1979.tb06363.x Egbert, 1961, Pulmonary function during spinal anaesthesia; the mechanism of cough depression, Anesthesiology, 22, 882, 10.1097/00000542-196111000-00002 Evans, 1976, Apparatus for patient-controlled administration of intravenous narcotics during labour, Lancet, i, 17, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92910-X Evans, 1983, Cryoanalgesia. The application of low temperatures to nerves to produce anaesthesia O2 in analgesia, Anaesthesia, 36, 1003, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08673.x Ewen, 1986, Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in obstetrics. A comparison of 0.08% and 0.25% bupivacaine, Anaesthesia, 41, 143, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13168.x Faroqui, 1983, Buprenorphine, benzodiazepines and respiratory depression, Anaesthesia, 38, 1002, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1983.tb12045.x Faust, 1976, Post thoracotomy intercostal block: comparison of its effect on pulmonary function with those of intramuscular meperidine, Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 55, 542 Freund, 1969, Respiratory effects of subarachnoid and epidural block, 97 Freund, 1967, Ventilatory reserve and level of motor block during high spinal and epidural anesthesia, Anesthesiology, 28, 834, 10.1097/00000542-196709000-00011 Fujimoto, 1984, Hypotension after intercostal nerve block during thoracic surgery, Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology, 33, 1118 Galway, 1975, Effects of intercostal nerve blockade during operation on lung function and the relief of pain following thoracotomy, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 47, 730, 10.1093/bja/47.6.730 Glynn, 1980, Cryoanalgesia in the management of pain after thoracotomy, Thorax, 35, 325, 10.1136/thx.35.5.325 Gothard, 1981, 103 Griffiths, 1981, Postoperative pain prevention by continuous epidural infusion, Anaesthesia, 36, 214, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08730.x Griffiths, 1975, Post operative extradural analgesia following thoracic surgery; a feasibility study, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 47, 48, 10.1093/bja/47.1.48 Haldane, 1919, The effects of shallow breathing, Journal of Physiology, 52, 433, 10.1113/jphysiol.1919.sp001842 Hall, 1985, The anaesthetic modification of the endocrine and metabolic response to surgery, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 67, 25 Hellman, 1965, Epidural anaesthesia in obstetrics; a second look at 26 127 cases, Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal, 12, 398, 10.1007/BF03007831 Hasenbos, 1985, Postoperative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part 1, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 29, 572, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02256.x Hasenbos, 1985, Postoperative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part 2, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 29, 577, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02257.x Hewman, 1972, Clinical aspects of continuous epidural blockade for postoperative pain relief, Upsala Journal of Medical Science, 77, 47, 10.1517/03009734000000009 Hull, 1981, Control of postoperative pain by interactive demand analgesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 53, 385, 10.1093/bja/53.4.385 Hymes, 1974, Electrical surface stimulation for treatment and prevention of ileus and atelectasis, Surgical Forum, 25, 222 Islas, 1985, Epidural ketamine for control of postoperative pain, Anesthesisa and Analgesia, 64, 1161 Jacobson, 1983, Extradural versus intramuscular diamorphine, Anaesthesia, 38, 10, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1983.tb10366.x Jakobson, 1977, Effects of intercostal nerve blocks (bupivacaine 0.25% and etidocaine 0.5%), Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 21, 489, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1977.tb01250.x James, 1981, Epidural analgesia for post thoractomy patients, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 82, 898, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)39241-4 Johansson, 1985, Multiple intercostal blocks by a single injection? A clinical and radiological investigation, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 29, 524, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02247.x Justins, 1983, Epidural versus intramuscular fentanyl, Anaesthesia, 38, 937, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1983.tb12022.x Kaplan, 1975, Postoperative analgesia for thoracotomy patients, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 54, 773, 10.1213/00000539-197511000-00025 Katz, 1980, Cryoanalgesia for thoracotomy patients, Lancet, i, 512, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92766-X Keenan, 1983, Comparative trial of rectal indomethacin and cryoanalgesia for control of early post thoracotomy pain, British Medical Journal, 287, 1335, 10.1136/bmj.287.6402.1335 Kehlet, 1982, The modifying effect of general and regional anesthesia on the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery, Regional Anesthesia, 7, 538 Kehlet, 1984, Influence of regional anesthesia on post operative morbidity, Annals Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae, 73, 171 Lloyd, 1976, Cryoanalgesia. A new approach to pain relief, Lancet, ii, 932, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90893-X Loan, 1967, The incidence and severity of postoperative pain, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 39, 695, 10.1093/bja/39.9.695 Loder, 1962, A long acting local anaesthetic solution for relief of pain after thoracotomy, Thorax, 17, 375, 10.1136/thx.17.4.375 Macintosh, 1962, 26 Macintosh, 1945, Anaesthetic research in wartime, Medical Times, 253-255 Macintosh, 1947, Observations on the epidural space, Anaesthesia, 2, 100, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1947.tb02080.x Maiwand, 1981, Cryoanalgesia for relief of pain after thoractomy, British Medical Journal, 282, 1749, 10.1136/bmj.282.6278.1749 Maiwand, 1982, Increased effectiveness of physiotherapy after cryoanalgesia following thoracotomy, Physiotherapy, 68, 288 Masson, 1962, Clinical assessment of analgesic drugs; spirometry trial, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 41, 615, 10.1213/00000539-196209000-00022 Mathews, 1980, Intrathecal morphine in open heart surgery, Lancet, i, 543, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91875-9 Middaugh, 1985, Epidural block using large volumes of local anaesthetic solution for intercostal nerve block, Anesthesiology, 63, 214, 10.1097/00000542-198508000-00022 Moir, 1963, Ventilatory function during epidural analgesia, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 35, 3, 10.1093/bja/35.1.3 Moore, 1975, Intercostal nerve block for postoperative somatic pain following surgery of the thorax and upper abdomen, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 47, 284 Moore, 1980, Intercostal nerve block: a roentgeno-graphic anatomic study of technique and absorption in humans, Anesthesia and Analgesia, 59, 815, 10.1213/00000539-198011000-00001 Morton, 1951, The clinical physiology of the human bronchi. II. The effect of vagus section upon pain of tracheobronchial origin, Surgery, 30, 800 Murphy, 1984, Continuous intercostal nerve block: an anatomic study to elucidate its mode of action, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 56, 627, 10.1093/bja/56.6.627 Murphy, 1983, Complications of regional anesthesia, 2, 58 Nelson, 1974, Intraoperative intercostal nerve freezing to prevent post thoracotomy pain, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 18, 280, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)64357-3 Nunn, 1971, The pulmonary circulation, 246 Nunn, 1980, Posterior intercostal nerve block for pain relief after cholecystectomy, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 253, 10.1093/bja/52.3.253 Orr, 1981, Improved pain relief after thoractomy; the use of cryoprobe and morphine infusion, British Medical Journal, 283, 945, 10.1136/bmj.283.6297.945 Otto, 1976, Total spinal anesthesia; a rare complication of intrathoracic intercostal nerve block, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 22, 289, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)64919-3 Pandit, 1980, Low dose intravenous infusion technique with ketamine, Anaesthesia, 35, 669, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03882.x Papworth, 1983, High dose buprenorphine for post operative analgesia, Anaesthesia, 38, 163, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1983.tb13941.x Patel, 1983, The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis, and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy, Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 157, 338 Peeters, 1980, Postoperative pain relief by demand analgesia, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 70, 43 Reynolds, 1971, A comparison of the potential toxicity of bupivacaine, lignocaine and mepivacaine during epidural blockade for surgery, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 43, 567, 10.1093/bja/43.6.567 Reynolds, 1984, Bupivacaine and intravenous regional anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, 39, 105, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1984.tb09492.x Reynolds, 1970, Maternal and neonatal concentrations of bupivacaine: a comparison with lignocaine during continuous extradural anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, 25, 14, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1970.tb00154.x Rigg, 1981, Pulmonary atelectasis after anaesthesia: pathophysiology and management, Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal, 28, 305, 10.1007/BF03007795 Roe, 1963, Are postoperative narcotics necessary?, Archives of Surgery, 87, 912, 10.1001/archsurg.1963.01310180028007 Romagnoli, 1983, Nalbuphine in patients with postoperative pain Scott, 1974, 78 Scott, 1976, The graphic representation of pain, Pain, 2, 175, 10.1016/0304-3959(76)90113-5 Seddon, 1981, Alternative method of intercostal nerve blockade. 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V. on demand in the management of postoperative pain relief, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 53, 927, 10.1093/bja/53.9.927 Soloman, 1980, Reduction of post operative pain and narcotic use by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, Surgery, 87, 142 Spence, 1982, Pulmonary changes after surgery, Regional Anesthesia, 7, S199 Spence, 1975, Respiratory effects of extradural nerve block in the post operative period, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 47, 281 Sury, 1986, Accidental spinal anaesthesia following intrathoracic intercostal nerve blockade, Anaesthesia, 41, 401, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb13227.x Takasaki, 1980, Respiratory function during cervical and thoracic extradural analgesia in patients with normal lungs, British Journal of Anaesthesia, 52, 1271, 10.1093/bja/52.12.1271 Thomas, 1983, The direct perfusion of surgical wounds with local anaesthetic solution: an approach to post operative pain?, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 65, 226 Vander Ark, 1975, Transcutaneous electrical stimulation in treatment of post operative pain, American Journal of Surgery, 130, 338, 10.1016/0002-9610(75)90397-9 Walts, 1964, Determination of sensory and motor levels after spinal anesthesia with tetracaine, Anesthesiology, 25, 634, 10.1097/00000542-196409000-00009 Welch, 1981, Epidural narcotics and dural puncture, Lancet, i, 55, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90174-4 Welch, 1981, Postoperative analgesia using epidural methadone. 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