Pain management for in-office hysteroscopy. A practical decalogue for the operator

Bettocchi, 1996, New era of office hysteroscopy, J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc, 3, S4 Campo, 2018, Outpatient hysteroscopy, Facts Views Vis Obgyn, 10, 115 Bettocchi, 2002, Advanced operative office hysteroscopy without anaesthesia: analysis of 501 cases treated with a 5 Fr. Bipolar electrode, Hum Reprod, 17, 2435, 10.1093/humrep/17.9.2435 Di Spiezio Sardo, 2012, ’SEe and treat’ outpatient hysteroscopy with novel fibreoptic’ Alphascope’, J Obstet Gynaecol, 32, 298, 10.3109/01443615.2011.645922 Vitale, 2017, Hysteroscopic morcellation of submucous myomas: a systematic review, Biomed Res Int, 2017, 10.1155/2017/6848250 Amer-Cuenca, 2020, Non-pharmacological pain control in outpatient hysteroscopies, Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol, 29, 10, 10.1080/13645706.2019.1576054 Cooper, 2011, Does cervical preparation before outpatient hysteroscopy reduce women’s pain experience? A systematic review, BJOG, 118, 1292, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03046.x Paulo, 2016, What proportion of women refers moderate to severe pain during office hysteroscopy with a mini-hysteroscope? A systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 293, 37, 10.1007/s00404-015-3836-5 Keyhan, 2014, Office diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy using local anesthesia only: an analysis of patient reported pain and other procedural outcomes, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 21, 791, 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.03.006 Kumar, 2016, Hysteroscopic local anesthetic intrauterine cornual block in office endometrial ablation: a randomized controlled trial, Fertil Steril, 105, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.019 Skensved, 2012, Global–local anaesthesia: combining paracervical block with intramyometrial prilocaine in the fundus significantly reduces patients’ perception of pain during radio-frequency endometrial ablation (Novasure®) in an office setting, Gynecol Surg, 9, 207, 10.1007/s10397-011-0709-1 Gambadauro, 2015, Anxiety at outpatient hysteroscopy, Gynecol Surg, 12, 189, 10.1007/s10397-015-0895-3 Ahmad, 2010, Pain relief for outpatient hysteroscopy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD007710.pub2 O’Flynn, 2011, Pain relief in outpatient hysteroscopy: a survey of current UK clinical practice, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 154, 9, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.08.015 Connor, 2015, New technologies and innovations in hysteroscopy, Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 29, 951, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.03.012 Guida, 2006, Vaginoscopic versus traditional office hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled study, Hum Reprod, 21, 3253, 10.1093/humrep/del298 Mairos, 2016, Office Hysteroscopy. An operative gold standard technique and an important contribution to Patient Safety, Gynecol Surg, 13, 111, 10.1007/s10397-015-0926-0 Propst, 2000, Complications of hysteroscopic surgery: predicting patients at risk, Obstet Gynecol, 96, 517 Freeman-Wang, 2001, Anxiety levels in women attending colposcopy clinics for treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised trial of written and video information, BJOG, 108, 482 Bolukbas, 2010, Determination of the anxiety level of women who present for mammography, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 11, 495 Gustafsson, 1995, Psychological reactions in men screened for prostate cancer, Br J Urol, 75, 631, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07422.x Kokanali, 2014, Impact of preprocedural anxiety levels on pain perception in patients undergoing office hysteroscopy, J Chin Med Assoc, 77, 477, 10.1016/j.jcma.2014.07.004 Carta, 2012, Waiting time and pain during office hysteroscopy, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 19, 360, 10.1016/j.jmig.2012.01.017 Mak, 2017, The effect of music in gynaecological office procedures on pain, anxiety and satisfaction: a randomized controlled trial, Gynecol Surg, 14, 14, 10.1186/s10397-017-1016-2 Al-Sunaidi, 2007, A randomized trial comparing local intracervical and combined local and paracervical anesthesia in outpatient hysteroscopy, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 14, 153, 10.1016/j.jmig.2006.09.007 Angioli, 2014, Use of music to reduce anxiety during office hysteroscopy: prospective randomized trial, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 21, 454, 10.1016/j.jmig.2013.07.020 Vitale, 2020, Management of anxiety and pain perception in women undergoing office hysteroscopy: a systematic review, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 301, 885, 10.1007/s00404-020-05460-2 Teran-Alonso, 2014, Evaluation of pain in office hysteroscopy with prior analgesic medication: a prospective randomized study, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 178, 123, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.04.030 Abbas, 2019, Oral diclofenac potassium versus hyoscine-N-butyl bromide in reducing pain perception during office hysteroscopy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 26, 709, 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.08.001 RCOG, 2011 Hassan, 2016, Tramadol versus Celecoxib for reducing pain associated with outpatient hysteroscopy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Hum Reprod, 31, 60, 10.1093/humrep/dev291 Senturk, 2016, The effect of intrauterine lidocaine and rectal indomethacin on pain during office vaginoscopic hysteroscopy: randomized double-blind controlled study, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 81, 280, 10.1159/000441787 Mahomed, 2016, Intrauterine anaesthetic after hysteroscopy to reduce post-operative pain - a double blind randomised controlled trial, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 56, 484, 10.1111/ajo.12498 Kokanali, 2014, Pain experienced during and after office hysteroscopy with and without intracervical anesthesia, J Exp Ther Oncol, 10, 243 Issat, 2014, A randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled trial for the pain reduction during the outpatient hysteroscopy after ketoprofen or intravaginal misoprostol, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 21, 921, 10.1016/j.jmig.2014.04.006 Hassa, 2013, Effectiveness of vaginal misoprostol and rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in vaginoscopic diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy in primarily infertile women: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 20, 880, 10.1016/j.jmig.2013.07.002 Akin, 2001, Continuous low-level topical heat in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, Obstet Gynecol, 97, 343 Nadler, 2003, Continuous low-level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 84, 329, 10.1053/apmr.2003.50102 Almeida, 2008, Avaliação da dor na histeroscopia diagnóstica por vaginoscopia utilizando-se, como meio de distensão, solução salina à temperatura corporal: ensaio clínico randomizado, Rev Bras Ginecol E Obs, 30, 25, 10.1590/S0100-72032008000100005 Evangelista, 2011, Diagnostic hysteroscopy using liquid distention medium: comparison of pain with warmed saline solution vs room-temperature saline solution, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 18, 104, 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.09.009 De Angelis, 2003, Suppression of pelvic pain during hysteroscopy with a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device, Fertil Steril, 79, 1422, 10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00363-7 Walsh, 2009, Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for acute pain, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD006142.pub2 DeSantana, 2008, Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of hyperalgesia and pain, Curr Rheumatol Rep, 10, 492, 10.1007/s11926-008-0080-z Lison, 2017, Transcutaneous nerve stimulation for pain relief during office hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled trial, Obstet Gynecol, 129, 363, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001842 White, 2000, State of the science of music interventions. Critical care and perioperative practice, Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am, 12, 219, 10.1016/S0899-5885(18)30114-X Thorgaard, 2005, Designed sound and music environment in postanaesthesia care units--a multicentre study of patients and staff, Intensive Crit Care Nurs, 21, 220, 10.1016/j.iccn.2004.10.008 Schnur, 2008, Hypnosis to manage distress related to medical procedures: a meta-analysis, Contemp Hypn, 25, 114, 10.1002/ch.364 Gauchotte, 2011, [Hysteroscopic tubal sterilization with Essure(R) devices: a retrospective descriptive study and evaluation of hypnosis], J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 40, 305, 10.1016/j.jgyn.2011.02.007 Salazar, 2018, Office operative hysteroscopy: an update, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 25, 199, 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.009 Black, 2005, Standard setting for outpatient gynaecology procedures: a multidisciplinary framework for implementation, Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 19, 793, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2005.06.009 Cooper, 2010, Vaginoscopic approach to outpatient hysteroscopy: a systematic review of the effect on pain, BJOG, 117, 532, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02503.x Fouda, 2016, Misoprostol versus uterine straightening by bladder distension for pain relief in postmenopausal patients undergoing diagnostic office hysteroscopy: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 203, 326, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.06.024 Keogh, 2014, Vocal local versus pharmacological treatments for pain management in tubal ligation procedures in rural Kenya: a non-inferiority trial, BMC Womens Health, 14, 21, 10.1186/1472-6874-14-21 Centini, 2016, Modern operative hysteroscopy, Minerva Ginecol, 68, 126 Cooper, 2011, A systematic review of the effect of the distension medium on pain during outpatient hysteroscopy, Fertil Steril, 95, 264, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.04.080 Craciunas, 2013, Carbon dioxide versus normal saline as distension medium for diagnostic hysteroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Fertil Steril, 100, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.2003 Haggag, 2016, The impact of altering filling pressures in diagnostic outpatient hysteroscopy on the procedure completion rates and associated pain: a randomised double-blind controlled trial, Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 56, 97, 10.1111/ajo.12410 Romani, 2013, The use of different size-hysteroscope in office hysteroscopy: our experience, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 288, 1355, 10.1007/s00404-013-2932-7 Vitale, 2020, The biopsy snake grasper sec. VITALE: a new tool for office hysteroscopy, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 27, 1414, 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.12.014 Garuti, 2008, Outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy in postmenopausal women: a comparison between mechanical and electrosurgical resection, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 15, 595, 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.07.001 Dealberti, 2013, New mini-resectoscope: analysis of preliminary quality results in outpatient hysteroscopic polypectomy, Arch Gynecol Obstet, 288, 349, 10.1007/s00404-013-2754-7 Ansari, 2018, Operative hysteroscopy with the Bigatti shaver (IBS (R)) for the removal of placental remnants, Facts Views Vis Obgyn, 10, 153 Cicinelli, 2010, Hysteroscopy without anesthesia: review of recent literature, J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 17, 703, 10.1016/j.jmig.2010.07.003 Bettocchi, 1997, A vaginoscopic approach to reduce the pain of office hysteroscopy, J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc, 4, 255, 10.1016/S1074-3804(97)80019-9 Nappi, 2014 Bettocchi, 2016, Challenging the cervix: strategies to overcome the anatomic impediments to hysteroscopy: analysis of 31,052 office hysteroscopies, Fertil Steril, 105, e16, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.01.030 Umranikar, 2016, BSGE/ESGE guideline on management of fluid distension media in operative hysteroscopy, Gynecol Surg, 13, 289, 10.1007/s10397-016-0983-z Mohamad, 2014, Parecoxib and paracetamol for pain relief following minor day-stay gynaecological surgery, Anaesth Intensive Care, 42, 43, 10.1177/0310057X1404200109