Pain associated with multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and proposed classification

Agostoni, 2005, Controversies in optic neuritis pain diagnosis., Neurol Sci, 26, s75, 10.1007/s10072-005-0413-y Al-Araji, 2005, Reappraisal of Lhermittes sign in multiple sclerosis., Mult Scler, 11, 398, 10.1191/1352458505ms1177oa Albert, 1969, Treatment of pain in multiple sclerosis: preliminary report., N Engl J Med, 280, 1395, 10.1056/NEJM196906192802509 Archibald, 1994, Pain prevalence, severity and impact in a clinic sample of multiple sclerosis patients., Pain, 58, 89, 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90188-0 Arnoldus, 2000, Quality of life during the first 6 months of interferon-beta treatment in patients with MS., Mult Scler, 6, 338 Athanasiou, 2005, Some patients with multiple sclerosis have neurovascular compression causing their trigeminal neuralgia and can be treated effectively with MVD: report of five cases., Br J Neurosurg, 19, 463, 10.1080/02688690500495067 Attal, 2006, EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain., Eur J Neurol, 13, 1153, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01511.x Beiske, 2004, Pain and sensory complaints in multiple sclerosis., Eur J Neurol, 11, 479, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00815.x Berger, 1984, Paroxysmal dystonia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 41, 747, 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050180069020 Brisman, 1987, Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 44, 379, 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520160021008 Broggi, 2004, Operative findings of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis., Neurosurgery, 55, 830, 10.1227/01.NEU.0000137656.59536.0E Buchanan, 2002, Analyses of the minimum data set: comparisons of nursing home residents with multiple sclerosis to other nursing home residents., Mult Scler, 8, 512, 10.1191/1352458502ms823oa Buchanan, 2003, Analyses of nursing home residents with multiple sclerosis and depression using the Minimum Data Set., Mult Scler, 9, 171, 10.1191/1352458503ms872oa Chakravorty, 1966, Association of trigeminal neuralgia with multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 14, 95, 10.1001/archneur.1966.00470070099012 Clifford, 1984, Pain in multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 41, 1270, 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050230052017 Craig, 1998, A new version of the thalamic disinhibition hypothesis of central pain., Pain Forum, 7, 1, 10.1016/S1082-3174(98)70004-2 Craig, 2004, Lamina I, but not lamina V, spinothalamic neurons exhibit responses that correspond with burning pain., J Neurophysiol, 92, 2604, 10.1152/jn.00385.2004 Crayton, 2004, A multimodal approach to managing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis., Neurology, 63, S12, 10.1212/WNL.63.11_suppl_5.S12 da Silva, 2005, Trigeminal involvement in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging findings with clinical correlation in a series of patients., Mult Scler, 11, 282, 10.1191/1352458505ms1186oa De Simone, 2005, A clinical comparison of trigeminal neuralgic pain in patients with and without underlying multiple sclerosis., Neurol Sci, 26, S150, 10.1007/s10072-005-0431-8 Dworkin, 2003, Advances in neuropathic pain: diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations., Arch Neurol, 60, 1524, 10.1001/archneur.60.11.1524 Ehde, 2003, Chronic pain in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis., Mult Scler, 9, 605, 10.1191/1352458503ms939oa Ehde, 2006, The scope and nature of pain in persons with multiple sclerosis., Mult Scler, 12, 629, 10.1177/1352458506071346 Eriksson, 2002, Epileptic seizures, cranial neuralgias and paroxysmal symptoms in remitting and progressive multiple sclerosis., Mult Scler, 8, 495, 10.1191/1352458502ms812oa Ferroli, 2001, Linear pontine and trigeminal root lesions and trigeminal neuralgia., Arch Neurol, 58, 1311, 10.1001/archneur.58.8.1311 Finnerup, 2002, Anticonvulsants in central pain., Expert Opin Pharmacother, 3, 1411, 10.1517/14656566.3.10.1411 Finnerup, 2005, Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal., Pain, 118, 289, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.08.013 Forbes, 2006, Health problems and health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis., Clin Rehabil, 20, 67, 10.1191/0269215506cr880oa Freedman, 1989, Vascular headache: a presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis., Can J Neurol Sci, 16, 63, 10.1017/S0317167100028523 Gass, 1997, Trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: lesion localization with magnetic resonance imaging., Neurology, 49, 1142, 10.1212/WNL.49.4.1142 Goodin, 1999, Survey of multiple sclerosis in northern California., Mult Scler, 5, 78, 10.1177/135245859900500203 Gutrecht, 1993, Anatomic radiologic basis of Lhermittes sign in multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 50, 849, 10.1001/archneur.1993.00540080056014 Hadjimichael, 2007, Persistent pain and uncomfortable sensations in persons with multiple sclerosis., Pain, 127, 35, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.015 Hansson, 2007, Usefulness and limitations of quantitative sensory testing: clinical and research application in neuropathic pain states., Pain, 129, 256, 10.1016/j.pain.2007.03.030 Hartmann, 1999, Trigeminal neuralgia triggered by auditory stimuli in multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 56, 731, 10.1001/archneur.56.6.731 Hemmett, 2004, What drives quality of life in multiple sclerosis?, Q J Med, 97, 671, 10.1093/qjmed/hch105 Henze, 2006, Symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis., Eur Neurol, 56, 78, 10.1159/000095699 Herman, 1992, Intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain in patients with spinal lesions: a pilot study., Clin J Pain, 8, 338, 10.1097/00002508-199212000-00008 Hooge, 1995, Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis., Neurology, 45, 1294, 10.1212/WNL.45.7.1294 Indaco, 1994, Chronic and acute pain syndromes in patients with multiple sclerosis., Acta Neurol (Napoli), 16, 97 Iragui, 1986, Evoked potentials in trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 43, 444, 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520050024015 Jensen, 2007, The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life: review and implications., Neurology, 68, 1178, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000259085.61898.9e Jensen, 1982, Association of trigeminal neuralgia with multiple sclerosis: clinical and pathological features., Acta Neurol Scand, 65, 182, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1982.tb03076.x Jonsson, 2006, Cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis patients: a 4-year follow-up study., J Neurol Sci, 245, 77, 10.1016/j.jns.2005.09.016 Kalia, 2005, Severity of chronic pain and its relationship to quality of life in multiple sclerosis., Mult Scler, 11, 322, 10.1191/1352458505ms1168oa Kanchandani, 1982, Lhermittes sign in multiple sclerosis: a clinical survey and review of the literature., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 45, 308, 10.1136/jnnp.45.4.308 Kassirer, 1987, Pain in chronic multiple sclerosis., J Pain Symptom Manage, 2, 95, 10.1016/S0885-3924(87)80022-2 Kerns, 2002, Pain in multiple sclerosis: a biopsychosocial perspective., J Rehabil Res Dev, 39, 225 Katusic, 1990, Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia, Rochester, Minnesota, 1945-1984., Ann Neurol, 27, 89, 10.1002/ana.410270114 Kuroiwa, 1963, Lhermittes sign and reflex tonic spasm in demyelinating diseases with special reference to their localizing value., Kyushu J Med Sci, 14, 29 La Mantia, 2006, Interferon treatment may trigger primary headaches in multiple sclerosis patients., Mult Scler, 12, 476, 10.1191/1352458506ms1298oa Lazar, 1979, Trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: demonstration of the plaque in an operative case., Neurosurgery, 5, 711, 10.1227/00006123-197912000-00013 Love, 2001, Trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis: ultrastructural findings in trigeminal rhizotomy specimens., Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, 27, 238, 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2001.00318.x Matthews, 1975, Paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 38, 617, 10.1136/jnnp.38.6.617 Meaney, 1995, Association between trigeminal neuralgia and multiple sclerosis: role of magnetic resonance imaging., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 59, 253, 10.1136/jnnp.59.3.253 Morin, 2002, Disruption of thermal perception in a multiple sclerosis patient with central pain., Clin J Pain, 18, 191, 10.1097/00002508-200205000-00008 Moulin, 1988, Pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis., Neurology, 38, 1830, 10.1212/WNL.38.12.1830 Nakashima, 2001, Linear pontine trigeminal root lesions in multiple sclerosis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging studies in 5 cases., Arch Neurol, 58, 101, 10.1001/archneur.58.1.101 Newland, 2005, Impact of pain on outcomes in long-term care residents with and without multiple sclerosis., J Am Geriatr Soc, 53, 1490, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53465.x Nortvedt, 1999, Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: measuring the disease effects more broadly., Neurology, 53, 1098, 10.1212/WNL.53.5.1098 Notcutt, 2004, Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 N of 1 studies., Anaesthesia, 59, 440, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03674.x Olafson, 1966, Trigeminal neuralgia in a patient with multiple sclerosis. An autopsy report., J Neurosurg, 24, 755, 10.3171/jns.1966.24.4.0755 Osborne, 2007, Psychosocial factors associated with pain intensity, pain-related interference, and psychological functioning in persons with multiple sclerosis and pain., Pain, 127, 52, 10.1016/j.pain.2006.07.017 Osterberg, 2005, Central pain in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and clinical characteristics., Eur J Pain, 9, 531, 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.11.005 Ostermann, 1975, Paroxysmal attacks in multiple sclerosis., Brain, 98, 189, 10.1093/brain/98.2.189 Periquet, 1999, Painful sensory neuropathy: prospective evaluation using skin biopsy., Neurology, 53, 1641, 10.1212/WNL.53.8.1641 Pinkston, 2006, Neuropsychiatric manifestations of multiple sclerosis., Neurol Res, 28, 284, 10.1179/016164106X98170 Pittock, 2004, Quality of life is favorable for most patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study., Arch Neurol, 61, 679, 10.1001/archneur.61.5.679 Pollmann, 2006, The effect of glatiramer acetate treatment on pre-existing headaches in patients with MS., Neurology, 66, 275, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000194317.75449.91 Pollmann, 2002, Interferon beta but not glatiramer acetate therapy aggravates headaches in MS., Neurology, 59, 636, 10.1212/WNL.59.4.636 Rae-Grant, 1999, Sensory symptoms of multiple sclerosis: a hidden reservoir of morbidity., Mult Scler, 5, 179, 10.1177/135245859900500307 Reess, 2002, Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX) therapy., Mult Scler, 8, 15 Restivo, 2003, Botulinum toxin treatment of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis., Neurology, 61, 719, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000080081.74117.E4 Rio, 2004, Corticosteroids, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen for IFNbeta-1a flu symptoms in MS: a randomized trial., Neurology, 63, 525, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000133206.44931.25 Rizzo, 2004, Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients., Mult Scler, 10, 589, 10.1191/1352458504ms1085oa Rog, 2005, Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis., Neurology, 65, 812, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b Rog, 2007, Validation and reliability of the neuropathic pain scale in multiple sclerosis., Clin J Pain, 23, 473, 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31805d0c5d Rolak, 1990, Headaches and multiple sclerosis: a clinical study and review of the literature., J Neurol, 237, 300, 10.1007/BF00314746 Rushton, 1965, Trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 13, 383, 10.1001/archneur.1965.00470040049007 Sakurai, 1999, Positive symptoms in multiple sclerosis: their treatment with sodium channel blockers, lidocaine and mexiletine., J Neurol Sci, 162, 162, 10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00322-0 Samkoff, 1997, Amelioration of refractory dysesthetic limb pain in multiple sclerosis by gabapentin., Neurology, 49, 304, 10.1212/WNL.49.1.304 Schwid, 2002, Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: current understanding and future directions., J Rehabil Res Dev, 39, 211 Schwid, 2005, Treating fatigue in patients with MS - one step forward, one step back., Neurology, 64, 1111, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000159518.42481.5A Semple, 2005, Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review., J Psychopharmacol, 19, 187, 10.1177/0269881105049040 Shibasaki, 1974, Painful tonic seizures in multiple sclerosis., Arch Neurol, 30, 47, 10.1001/archneur.1974.00490310049008 Solaro, 2004, The prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis: a multicenter cross-sectional study., Neurology, 63, 919, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000137047.85868.D6 Spissu, 1999, Anatomic correlates of painful tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis., Mov Disord, 14, 331, 10.1002/1531-8257(199903)14:2<331::AID-MDS1020>3.0.CO;2-H Stenager, 1991, Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis., Acta Neurol Scand, 84, 197, 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1991.tb04937.x Stenager, 1995, Acute and chronic pain syndromes in multiple sclerosis: a 5-year follow-up study., Ital J Neurol Sci, 16, 629, 10.1007/BF02230913 Svendsen, 2004, Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial., BMJ, 329, 253, 10.1136/bmj.38149.566979.AE Svendsen, 2005, Sensory function and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis and pain., Pain, 114, 473, 10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.015 Svendsen, 2003, Pain in patients with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study., Arch Neurol, 60, 1089, 10.1001/archneur.60.8.1089 Thomas, 2006, Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis., Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 25, CD004431 Turk, 2003, Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations., Pain, 106, 337, 10.1016/j.pain.2003.08.001 Vermote, 1986, Pain in multiple sclerosis patients: a prospective study using the McGill pain questionnaire., Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 88, 87, 10.1016/S0303-8467(86)80002-6 Wade, 2004, Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients., Mult Scler, 10, 434, 10.1191/1352458504ms1082oa Warnell, 1991, The pain experience of a multiple sclerosis population: a descriptive study., Axon, 13, 26 Watkins, 1969, Migraine and multiple sclerosis., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 32, 35, 10.1136/jnnp.32.1.35 Watson, 1979, Painful tonic seizures in multiple sclerosis: localization of a lesion., Can J Neurol Sci, 6, 359, 10.1017/S031716710002401X Wissel, 2006, Low dose treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid Nabilone significantly reduces spasticity-related pain., J Neurol, 253, 1337, 10.1007/s00415-006-0218-8 Woolf, 2004, Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management., Ann Intern Med, 140, 441, 10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00010