PLAQUE DISRUPTION AND THROMBOSIS

Cardiology Clinics - Tập 17 - Trang 271-281 - 1999
Prediman K. Shah

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alderman, 1993, Five-year angiographic follow-up of factors associated with progression coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): CASS participating Investigators and Staff, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1141, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90429-5 Ambrose, 1988, Angiographic progression of coronary artery disease and the development of myocardial infarction, J Am Coll Cardiol, 12, 56, 10.1016/0735-1097(88)90356-7 Anderson, 1981, Hyperlipoproteinemia and reduced fibrinolytic activity in healthy coronary high-risk men, Acta Med Scand, 209, 199, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1981.tb11576.x Arbustini, 1998, Plaque erosion is a major substrate for coronary thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction [abstract], J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 379A, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)85356-9 Birkedal-Hansen, 1995, Proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix, Curr Biol, 7, 728, 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80116-2 Björkerud, 1996, Apoptosis is abundant in human atherosclerotic lesions, especially in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T cells), and may contribute to the accumulation of gruel and plaque instability, Am J Pathol, 149, 367 Bogarty, 1995, Vasoreactivity at culprit lesions, Circulation, 91, 563 Brooks, 1996, Localization of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 to the surface of invasive cells by interaction with integrin alpha v beta 3, Cell, 85, 683, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81235-0 Brown, 1993, Lipid lowering and plaque regression: New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease, Circulation, 87, 1781, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.6.1781 Brown, 1995, Identification of 92-kD gelatinase in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions: Association of active enzyme synthesis with unstable angina, Circulation, 91, 2125, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.8.2125 Burke, 1997, Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly, N Engl J Med, 336, 1276, 10.1056/NEJM199705013361802 Burke, 1998, Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women, Circulation, 97, 2110, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.21.2110 Burleigh, 1992, Collagen type I and III, collagen content, GAGs and mechanical strength of human atherosclerotic plaque caps: Span-wise variations, Atherosclerosis, 96, 71, 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90039-J Cheng, 1993, Distribution of circumferential stress in ruptured and stable atherosclerotic lesions: A structural analysis with histopathological correlation, Circulation, 87, 1179, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.4.1179 Chiu, 1997, Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery, Circulation, 96, 2144, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.7.2144 Constantinides, 1990, Cause of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic arteries, Am J Cardiol, 66, 37G, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90393-F Constantinides, 1966, Plaque fissures in human coronary thrombosis, J Atheroscler Res, 6, 1, 10.1016/S0368-1319(66)80056-X Davies, 1990, A macro and micro view of coronary vascular insult in ischemic heart disease, Circulation, 82, 38 Davies, 1993, Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: Role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content, Br Heart J, 69, 377, 10.1136/hrt.69.5.377 Davies, 1985, Plaque fissuring—the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischaemic death, and crescendo angina, Br Heart J, 53, 363, 10.1136/hrt.53.4.363 Davies, 1984, Thrombosis and acute coronary-artery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death, N Engl J Med, 310, 1137, 10.1056/NEJM198405033101801 Egashira, 1993, Impaired coronary blood flow response to acetylcholine in patients with coronary risk factors and proximal atherosclerotic lesions, J Clin Invest, 91, 29, 10.1172/JCI116183 El Fawal, 1987, Sudden coronary death in Glasgow: Nature and frequency of acute coronary lesions, Br Heart J, 57, 329, 10.1136/hrt.57.4.329 Falk, 1983, Plaque rupture with severe pre-existing stenosis precipitating coronary thrombosis: Characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques underlying fatal occlusive thrombi, Br Heart J, 50, 127, 10.1136/hrt.50.2.127 Falk, 1995, Coronary plaque disruption, Circulation, 92, 657, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.3.657 Fernandez-Ortiz, 1994, Characterization of the relative thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaque components: Implications for consequences of plaque rupture, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1562, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90657-2 Friedman, 1971, The coronary thrombus: Its origin and fate, Hum Pathol, 2, 81, 10.1016/S0046-8177(71)80022-9 Fryer, 1997, Chlamydia species infect human vascular endothelial cells and induce procoagulant activity, J Invest Med, 45, 168 Fuster, 1992, The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med, 326, 242, 10.1056/NEJM199201233260406 Fuster, 1994, Conner Memorial Lecture: Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: Insights from studies of vascular biology, Circulation, 90, 2126, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.2126 Galis, 1997, Thrombin promotes activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 produced by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 489, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.3.483 Galis, 1994, Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques, J Clin Invest, 94, 2493, 10.1172/JCI117619 Gelernt, 1992, Acute myocardial infarction triggered by emotional stress, Am J Cardiol, 69, 1512, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90918-O Geng, 1995, Evidence for apoptosis in advanced human atheroma, Am J Pathol, 147, 251 Gertz, 1990, Hemodynamic shear force in rupture of coronary arterial atherosclerotic plaques, Am J Cardiol, 66, 1368, 10.1016/0002-9149(90)91170-B Giroud, 1992, Relation of the site of acute myocardial infarction to the most severe coronary arterial stenosis at prior angiography, Am J Cardiol, 69, 729, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90495-K Grayston, 1995, Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in atherosclerosis of the carotid artery [comments], Circulation, 92, 3397, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.12.3397 Gupta, 1997, Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction, Circulation, 96, 404, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.404 Gurfinkel, 1997, Randomised trial of roxithromycin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS Pilot Study. ROXIS Study Group, Lancet, 350, 404, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07201-2 Guyton, 1994, Development of the atherosclerotic core region: Chemical and ultrastructural analysis of microdissected atherosclerotic lesions from human aorta, Arterioscler Thromb, 14, 1305, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.8.1305 Halpert, 1996, Matrilysin is expressed by lipid-laden macrophages at sites of potential rupture in atherosclerotic lesions and localizes to areas of versican deposition, a proteoglycan substrate for the enzyme, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 9748, 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9748 Henney, 1991, Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 88, 8154, 10.1073/pnas.88.18.8154 Hodis, 1994, Natural antioxidant vitamins reduce coronary artery lesion progression as assessed by sequential coronary angiography, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 481A Jackson, 1997, Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from a carotid endarterectomy specimen, J Infect Dis, 176, 292, 10.1086/517270 Jackson, 1997, Specificity of detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cardiovascular atheroma: Evaluation of the innocent bystander hypothesis, Am J Pathol, 150, 1785 Kalayoglu, 1998, Induction of macrophage foam cell formation by Chlamydia pneumoniae, J Infect Dis, 177, 729, 10.1086/514241 Kaski, 1992, Variant angina pectoris: Role of coronary spasm in the development of fixed coronary obstructions, Circulation, 85, 619, 10.1161/01.CIR.85.2.619 Kol, 1998, Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase expression, Circulation, 98, 300, 10.1161/01.CIR.98.4.300 Kolodgie, 1998, Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary thrombosis: Plaque rupture and erosion [abstract], J Am Coll Cardiol, 31, 419A, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)85524-6 Kovanen, 1995, Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction, Circulation, 92, 1084, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.5.1084 Kuo, 1997, Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques in the walls of arteries of lower extremities from patients undergoing bypass operation for arterial obstruction, J Vasc Surg, 26, 29, 10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70143-5 Kuo, 1995, Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in coronary arteries of young adults (15–34 years old), Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A, 92, 6911, 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6911 Laurila, 1997, Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is associated with a serum lipid profile known to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 17, 2910, 10.1161/01.ATV.17.11.2910 Lee, 1994, Vascular mechanics for the cardiologist, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 1289, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90369-7 Lee, 1996, Circumferential stress and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in human coronary atherosclerosis: Implications for plaque rupture, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 16, 1070, 10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.1070 Lendon, 1991, Atherosclerotic plaque caps are locally weakened when macrophage density is increased, Atherosclerosis, 87, 87, 10.1016/0021-9150(91)90235-U Leor, 1996, Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake, N Engl J Med, 334, 413, 10.1056/NEJM199602153340701 Li, 1996, Increased expression of 72-kd type IV collagenase (MMP-2) in human aortic atherosclerotic lesions, Am J Pathol, 148, 121 Libby, 1995, Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 91, 2844, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.11.2844 Lin, 1988, Morphodynamic interpretation of acute coronary thrombosis, with special reference to volcano-like eruption of atheromatous plaque caused by coronary artery spasm, Angiology, 30, 535 Little, 1988, Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease?, Circulation, 78, 1157, 10.1161/01.CIR.78.5.1157 Loree, 1992, Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels, Cir Res, 71, 850, 10.1161/01.RES.71.4.850 Maclssac, 1993, Toward the quiescent coronary plaque, J Am Coll Cardiol, 22, 1228, 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90442-4 Mallat, 1997, Colocalization of CPP-32 with apoptotic cells in human atherosclerotic plaques, Circulation, 96, 424, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.424 Maser, 1997, Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic events––exploring the hidden side of the moon [editorial, comment], N Engl J Med, 336, 1014, 10.1056/NEJM199704033361409 Mendall, 1996, C reactive protein and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: A population based cross sectional study [see comments], BMJ, 312, 1061, 10.1136/bmj.312.7038.1061 Meisel, 1997, Differentiation of human monocytes into adherent monocyte derived macrophages markedly enhances tissue factor expression and procoagulant activity [abstract], Circulation, 96, 11 Mizushige, 1993, Atheroma deformation during the cardiac cycle: Evaluation by intracoronary ultrasound, Circulation, 88, I-550 Moazed, 1997, Murine models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis, J Infect Dis, 175, 883, 10.1086/513986 Molestina, 1998, Characterization of a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae isolated from a coronary atheroma by analysis of the omp 1 gene and biological activity in human endothelial cells, Infect Immun, 66, 1370, 10.1128/IAI.66.4.1370-1376.1998 Moreno, 1996, Macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and tissue factor in unstable angina: Implications for cell-mediated thrombogenicity in acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 94, 3090, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.12.3090 Moreno, 1994, Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: Implications for plaque rupture, Circulation, 90, 775, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.775 Muhlestein, 1998, Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae accelerates the development of atherosclerosis and treatment with azithromycin prevents it in a rabbit model, Circulation, 97, 633, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.7.633 Muhlestein, 1996, Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 1555, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00055-1 Muller, 1994, Triggers, acute risk factors and vulnerable plaques: The lexicon of a new frontier, J Am Coll Cardiol, 23, 809, 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90772-2 Nagase, 1997, Activation mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinases, Biol Chem, 378, 151 Naqvi, 1997, Am J Cardiol, 79, 1521, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00184-7 Nikkari, 1995, Interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) expression in human carotid atherosclerosis, Circulation, 92, 1393, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.6.1393 O'Brien, 1993, Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in expressed in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: Implications for the mode of progression of advanced coronary atherosclerosis, J Clin Invest, 92, 945, 10.1172/JCI116670 Ossewaard, 1998, Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in symptom-free elderly men, but Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not, Epidemiol Infect, 120, 93, 10.1017/S0950268897008303 Pasterkamp, 1998, Relation of arterial geometry to luminal narrowing and histological markers of plaque vulnerability: The remodeling paradox, J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 655, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00304-0 Qiao, 1991, The severity of coronary atherosclerosis at sites of plaque rupture with occlusive thrombosis, J Am Coll Cardiol, 17, 1138, 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90844-Y Rajagopalan, 1996, Reactive oxygen species produced by macrophage-derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases in vitro: Implications for atherosclerotic plaque stability, J Clin Invest, 98, 2572, 10.1172/JCI119076 Rajavashisth T, Xu XP, Ong JM, et al: A novel membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques and localized in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Circulation (in press) Rekhter, 1998, Hypercholesterolemia-induced weakening of rabbit atherosclerotic plaques is associated with alterations in collagen turnover [abstract], Circulation, 98, 1 Richardson, 1989, Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, Lancet, 2, 941, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90953-7 Ridker, 1997, Intrinsic fibrinolytic capacity and systemic inflammation: Novel risk factors for arterial thrombotic disease [review], Haemostasis, 27, 2 Ridker, 1998, Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease, Circulation, 97, 425, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.5.425 Ridker, 1998, Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risks of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men, Lancet, 351, 88, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09032-6 Saikku, 1997, Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis—an update [review], Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 104, 53 Sato, 1994, A matrix metalloproteinase expressed on the surface of invasive tumor cells, Nature, 370, 61, 10.1038/370061a0 Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1994, Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), Lancet, 344, 1383 Schoenbeck, 1998, Expression of stromelysin-3 in atheroma: Regulation via CD40/CD40L-signaling in vitro and in vivo [abstract], Circulation, 98, 1 Shah, 1996, Pathophysiology of plaque rupture and the concept of plaque stabilization, Cardiol Clin, 14, 29, 10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70258-7 Shah, 1997, Pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes, Am J Cardiol, 79, 790, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00381-0 Shah, 1998, Plaque size, vessel size and plaque vulnerability: Bigger may not be better [Editorial comment], J Am Coll Cardiol, 32, 663 Shah, 1995, Human monocyte-derived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in atherosclerotic fibrous caps: Potential role of matrix degrading metalloproteinases and implication for plaque rupture, Circulation, 92, 1565 Shah, 1995, Pathophysiology of plaque rupture, J Vasc Med Biol, 5, 244 Shah, 1998, Effect of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I milano on aortic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice, Circulation, 97, 780, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.8.780 Stiko-Rahm, 1990, Secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells is induced by very low density lipoprotein, Arteriosclerosis, 10, 1067, 10.1161/01.ATV.10.6.1067 Sukhova, 1998, Colocalization of the interstitial collagenases MMP-1 & MMP-13 with sites of cleaved collagen indicates their role in plaque destabilization [abstract], Circulation, 98, 1 Toschi, 1997, Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaque, Circulation, 95, 594, 10.1161/01.CIR.95.3.594 Van der Wal, 1994, Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology, Circulation, 89, 36, 10.1161/01.CIR.89.1.36 Wahl, 1993, Regulation of monocyte/macrophage metalloproteinase production by cytokines, J Periodontol, 64, 467 Wallner, 1999, Expression of tenascin-C in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque, Circulation, 99, 1284, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.10.1284 Weis, 1991, Oxidated low-density lipoprotein increased cultured human endothelial cell tissue factor activity and reduced protein C activation, FASEB J, 5, 2459, 10.1096/fasebj.5.10.2065893 Wight, 1989, Cell biology of arterial proteoglycans, Arteriosclerosis, 9, 1, 10.1161/01.ATV.9.1.1 Wilcox, 1989, Localization of tissue factor in the normal vessel wall and in the atherosclerotic plaque, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 86, 2839, 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2839 Willich, 1989, Increased morning incidence of myocardial infarction in the ISAM Study: Absence with prior β-adrenergic blockade, Circulation, 80, 853, 10.1161/01.CIR.80.4.853 Woessner, 1991, Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, FASEB J, 5, 2145, 10.1096/fasebj.5.8.1850705 Xu X-P, Meisel SR, Ong JM, et al: Oxidized low density lipoprotein transcriptionally regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation (in press) Yusuf, 1992, Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions, Lancet, 340, 1173, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92889-N