PERSISTENT DIARRHEA IN THE RETURNED TRAVELER

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America - Tập 12 - Trang 489-501 - 1998
Nathan M. Thielman1, Richard L. Guerrant2
1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (NMT)
2the Division of Geographic and International Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (RLG)

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adal, 1995, Cryptosporidium and related species, 1107 Addiss, 1990, Chronic diarrhoeal illness in US Peace Corps volunteers, Int J Epidemiol, 19, 217, 10.1093/ije/19.1.217 Addiss, 1991, Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool, J Clin Microbiol, 29, 1137, 10.1128/JCM.29.6.1137-1142.1991 Afzalpurkar, 1992, The self-limited nature of chronic idiopathic diarrhea, N Engl J Med, 327, 1849, 10.1056/NEJM199212243272605 Agnew, 1998, Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: Association with increased diarrheal morbidity, J Infect Dis, 177, 754, 10.1086/514247 Aldeen, 1995, Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA assay for detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens, Diag Microbiol Infect Dis, 21, 77, 10.1016/0732-8893(94)00142-J Anonymous, 1988, Persistent diarrhoea in children in developing countries: Memorandum from a WHO meeting, Bull World Health Org, 66, 709 Argenzio, 1993, Prostanoids inhibit intestinal NaCl absorption in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis, Gastroenterology, 104, 440, 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90412-6 Argenzio, 1994, Glutamine stimulates prostaglandin-sensitive Na(+)-H+ exchange in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis, Gastroenterology, 106, 1418, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90393-X Ashford, 1979, Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 73, 497, 10.1080/00034983.1979.11687291 Awad-el-Kariem, 1994, Detection and species identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts using a system based on PCR and endonuclease restriction, Parasitology, 109, 19, 10.1017/S0031182000077714 Barbour, 1976, An outbreak of giardiasis in a group of campers, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 25, 384, 10.4269/ajtmh.1976.25.384 Biagi, 1975, Analysis of symptoms and signs related with intestinal parasitosis in 5,215 cases, Prog Drug Res, 19, 10 Birkhead, 1989, Epidemiologic surveillance for endemic Giardia lamblia infection in Vermont. The roles of waterborne and person-to-person transmission, Am J Epidemiol, 129, 762, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115191 Blanshard, 1992, Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seropositive patients, Q J Med, 85, 813 Brenden, 1988, Clinical disease spectrum and pathogenic factors associated with Plesiomonas shigelloides infections in humans, Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 10, 303, 10.1093/clinids/10.2.303 Brodsky, 1974, Giardiasis in American travelers to the Soviet Union, J Infect Dis, 130, 319, 10.1093/infdis/130.3.319 Bryan, 1995, Microsporidia, 2513 Butler, 1973, Chronic and recurrent diarrhea in American servicemen in Vietnam: An evaluation of etiology and small bowel structure and function, Arch Intern Med, 132, 373, 10.1001/archinte.132.3.373 Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, et al: The adverse effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on the growth of children. Presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of the NIAID International Centers for Tropical Research (ICTDR), Bethesda, MD, April 24-April 26, 1996 Connor, 1993, Pathologic changes in the small bowel in nine patients with diarrhea associated with a coccidia-like body, Ann Intern Med, 119, 377, 10.7326/0003-4819-119-5-199309010-00005 Cordell, 1994, Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: A review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control, Pediatr Infect Dis J, 13, 311 Coyle, 1996, Prevalence of microsporidiosis due to Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis among patients with AIDS-related diarrhea: Determination by polymerase chain reaction to the microsporidian small-subunit rRNA gene, Clin Infect Dis, 23, 1002, 10.1093/clinids/23.5.1002 Current, 1983, Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons: Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission, N Engl J Med, 308, 1252, 10.1056/NEJM198305263082102 Desportes, 1985, Occurrence of a new microsporidian: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS, Journal of Protozoology, 32, 250, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03046.x Didier, 1995, Comparison of three staining methods for detecting microsporidia in fluids, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 3138, 10.1128/JCM.33.12.3138-3145.1995 Didier, 1996, Diagnosis of disseminated microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem infection by PCR-Southern analysis and successful treatment with albendazole and fumagillin, J Clin Microbiol, 34, 947, 10.1128/JCM.34.4.947-952.1996 Didier, 1996, A microsporidian isolated from an AIDS patient corresponds to Encephalitozoon cuniculi III, originally isolated from domestic dogs, J Clin Microbiol, 34, 2835, 10.1128/JCM.34.11.2835-2837.1996 Donowitz, 1995, Evaluation of patients with chronic diarrhea, N Engl J Med, 332, 725, 10.1056/NEJM199503163321107 Duncombe, 1978, Histopathology in giardiasis: A correlation with diarrhoea, Aust N Z J Med, 8, 392, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1978.tb04908.x DuPont, 1995, The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers, N Engl J Med, 332, 855, 10.1056/NEJM199503303321304 DuPont, 1996, Persistent diarrhea in travelers, Clin Infect Dis, 22, 124, 10.1093/clinids/22.1.124 Fang, 1995, Etiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: A hospital-based prospective case control study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 21, 137, 10.1097/00005176-199508000-00003 Farthing, 1995, Giardia lamblia, 1081 Fedorko, 1995, Identification of microsporidia in stool specimens by using PCR and restriction endonucleases, J Clin Microbiol, 33, 1739, 10.1128/JCM.33.7.1739-1741.1995 Flanigan, 1992, Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts, Ann Intern Med, 116, 840, 10.7326/0003-4819-116-10-840 Framm, 1997, Agents of diarrhea, Med Clin North Am, 81, 427, 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70525-3 Garcia, 1992, Evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody combination reagent for direct fluorescence detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in human fecal specimens, J Clin Microbiol, 30, 3255, 10.1128/JCM.30.12.3255-3257.1992 Gendrel, 1992, Influence of intestinal parasitism on lactose absorption in well-nourished African children, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 46, 137, 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.46.137 Genta, 1993, Diarrhea in helminthic infections, Clin Infect Dis, 16, S122, 10.1093/clinids/16.Supplement_2.S122 Genta, 1995, Strongyloides stercoralis, 1197 Gillon, 1985, Clinical studies in adults presenting with giardiasis to a gastrointestinal unit, Scott Med J, 30, 89, 10.1177/003693308503000204 Goka, 1990, The relative merits of faecal and duodenal juice microscopy in the diagnosis of giardiasis, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 84, 66, 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90386-S Goldsmith, 1978, Chronic diarrhea in returning travelers: Intestinal parasitic infection with the fluke Metagonimus yokogawai, South Med J, 71, 1513, 10.1097/00007611-197812000-00020 Goodgame, 1995, Intestinal function and injury in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis, Gastroenterology, 108, 1075, 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90205-8 Gracey, 1984, Aeromonas spp in travellers' diarrhea, Br Med J, 289, 658, 10.1136/bmj.289.6446.658 Guerrant, 1980, Turista among members of the Yale Glee Club in Latin America, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 29, 895, 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.895 Guerrant, 1997, Cryptosporidiosis: An emerging, highly infectious threat, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3, 51, 10.3201/eid0301.970106 Guerrant, 1991, Diarrhea in the returning traveler, 1031 Harries, 1985, Inflammatory bowel disease: A common cause of bloody diarrhoea in visitors to the tropics, British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed, 291, 1686, 10.1136/bmj.291.6510.1686 Hartong, 1979, Giardiasis: Clinical spectrum and functional–structural abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa, Gastroenterology, 77, 61, 10.1016/S0016-5085(79)80011-6 Herwaldt, 1997, An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries, N Engl J Med, 336, 1548, 10.1056/NEJM199705293362202 Herwaldt, 1997, An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries: The Cyclospora Working Group, N Engl J Med, 336, 1548, 10.1056/NEJM199705293362202 Hill, 1991, Enteropathogenic escherichia coli and life threatening chronic diarrhea, GUT, 32, 154, 10.1136/gut.32.2.154 Hjelt, 1992, Giardiasis causing chronic diarrhoea in suburban Copenhagen: Incidence, physical growth, clinical symptoms and small intestinal abnormality, Acta Paediatr, 81, 881, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12128.x Hoge, 1993, Epidemiology of diarrhoeal illness associated with coccidian-like organism among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal, Lancet, 341, 1175, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91002-4 Hoge, 1995, Placebo-controlled trial of co-trimoxazole for Cyclospora infections among travelers and foreign residents in Nepal [published erratum appears in Lancet 345(8956):1060, 1995], Lancet, 345, 691, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90868-4 Holmberg, 1984, Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides as causes of intestinal infections, Rev Infect Dis, 6, 633, 10.1093/clinids/6.5.633 Huang, 1995, The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States, Ann Intern Med, 123, 409, 10.7326/0003-4819-123-6-199509150-00002 Hutchins, 1982, Travellers' diarrhea with a vengeance in children of UK immigrants visiting their parental homeland, Arch Dis Child, 57, 208, 10.1136/adc.57.3.208 Ignatius, 1997, A new acid-fast trichrome stain for simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidial species in stool specimens, J Clin Microbiol, 35, 446, 10.1128/JCM.35.2.446-449.1997 Igra-Siegman, 1981, Syndrome of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis, Rev Infect Dis, 3, 397, 10.1093/clinids/3.3.397 Jain, 1985, Sorbitol intolerance in adults, Am J Gastroenterol, 80, 678 Jokipii, 1977, Prepatency of giardiasis, Lancet, 1, 1095, 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92345-5 Jokipii, 1974, Giardiasis in travelers: A prospective study, J Infect Dis, 130, 295, 10.1093/infdis/130.3.295 Kain, 1989, Clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment of Plesiomonas shigelloides diarrhea, J Clin Microbiol, 27, 998, 10.1128/JCM.27.5.998-1001.1989 Kettis, 1973, Giardia lamblia infection in a group of students after a visit to Leningrad in March 1970, Scand J Infect Dis, 5, 289, 10.3109/inf.1973.5.issue-4.10 Keystone JS, Kozarsky PE: Health advice for international travel. In Guerrant RL, Krogstad D, Maguire JH, et al (eds): Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice. New York, Churchill Livingstone, in press Klipstein, 1969, Tropical sprue in expatriates from the tropics living in the continental United States, Medicine, 48, 475, 10.1097/00005792-196948060-00003 Koch, 1985, Cryptosporidiosis in hospital personnel, Ann Intern Med, 102, 593, 10.7326/0003-4819-102-5-593 Kotler, 1990, Small intestinal injury and parasitic diseases in AIDS, Ann Intern Med, 113, 444, 10.7326/0003-4819-113-6-444 Laxer, 1991, DNA sequences for the specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum by the polymerase chain reaction, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 45, 688, 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.688 Lima, 1992, Cotransport of sodium with glutamine, alanine and glucose in the isolated rabbit ileal mucosa, Braz J Med Biol Res, 25, 637 Lima AAM, Barboza MS Jr, Silva TMJ, et al: Enteroaggregative E. coli associated with persistent diarrhea: Pathophysiology and treatment with glutamine-based oral rehydration and nutrition therapy (ORNT). Presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the NIAID International Centers for Tropical Disease Research (ICTDR), Bethesda, MD, May 5–7, 1997 Lima, 1997, Mucosal injury and disruption of intestinal barrier function in HIV-infected individuals with and without diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis in Northeast Brazil, Am J Gastroenterol, 92, 1861 Long, 1990, Alga associated with diarrhea in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in travelers, J Clin Microbiol, 28, 1101, 10.1128/JCM.28.6.1101-1104.1990 Long, 1991, Morphologic and staining characteristics of a cyanobacterium-like organism associated with diarrhea, J Infect Dis, 164, 199, 10.1093/infdis/164.1.199 MacKenzie, 1994, A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply, N Engl J Med, 331, 161, 10.1056/NEJM199407213310304 MacKenzie, 1995, Massive outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission, Clin Infect Dis, 21, 57, 10.1093/clinids/21.1.57 MacLean, 1996, Common-source outbreak of acute infection due to the North American liver fluke Metorchis conjunctus, Lancet, 347, 154, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90342-6 McAuliffe, 1986, Prolonged and recurring diarrhea in the Northeast of Brazil: Examination of cases from a community-based study, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 5, 902, 10.1097/00005176-198611000-00014 Mickelsen, 1995, Use of the bacteriology and mycology laboratories to diagnose gastrointestinal infections, 1223 Mintz, 1993, Foodborne giardiasis in a corporate office setting, J Infect Dis, 167, 250, 10.1093/infdis/167.1.250 Modigliani, 1985, Diarrhea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A study of four cases with special emphasis on opportunistic protozoan infestations, Gut, 26, 179, 10.1136/gut.26.2.179 Moore, 1969, Epidemic giardiasis at a ski resort, N Engl J Med, 281, 402, 10.1056/NEJM196908212810802 Naik, 1978, A comparative evaluation of examinations of three stool samples, jejunal aspirate and jejunal mucosal impression smears in the diagnosis of giardiasis, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 72, 491, 10.1080/00034983.1978.11719350 Nash, 1982, Schistosome infections in humans: Perspectives and recent findings. NIH conference, Ann Intern Med, 97, 740, 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-740 Navin, 1984, Cryptosporidiosis: Clinical, epidemiologic, and parasitologic review, Rev Infect Dis, 6, 313, 10.1093/clinids/6.3.313 Newman, 1994, Household epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum infection, Ann Intern Med, 120, 500, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00009 Orenstein, 1990, Intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, Hum Pathol, 21, 475, 10.1016/0046-8177(90)90003-N Orenstein, 1990, Identification of spores of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in stool and duodenal fluid from AIDS patients, Lancet, 336, 1127, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92600-M Ortega, 1993, Cyclospora sp—a new protozoan pathogen of humans, N Engl J Med, 328, 1308, 10.1056/NEJM199305063281804 Overbosch, 1995, `The tropics in our bathroom': Chronic diarrhoea after return from the tropics, Scand J Gastroenterol, 212, 43, 10.3109/00365529509090301 Pape, 1994, Cyclospora infection in adults infected with HIV: Clinical manifestations, treatment, and prophylaxis, Ann Intern Med, 121, 654, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-9-199411010-00004 Petersen, 1988, A food-borne outbreak of Giardia lamblia, J Infect Dis, 157, 846, 10.1093/infdis/157.4.846 Petri, 1996, Amebiasis and the Entamoeba histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin: From lab bench to bedside, J Invest Med, 44, 24 Pettoello Mantovani, 1989, Lactose malabsorption in children with symptomatic Giardia lamblia infection: Feasibility of yogurt supplementation, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 9, 295, 10.1097/00005176-198910000-00006 Rabold, 1994, Cyclospora outbreak associated with chlorinated drinking water [letter], Lancet, 344, 1360, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90716-1 Rautelin, 1995, Enteric Plesiomonas shigelloides infections in Finnish patients, Scand J Infect Dis, 27, 495, 10.3109/00365549509047052 Relman, 1996, Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen, suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species, J Infect Dis, 173, 440, 10.1093/infdis/173.2.440 Rendtorff, 1954, The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. IV: Attempts to transmit Entamoeba coli and Giarida lamblia cysts by water, Am J Hyg, 60, 327 Rickles, 1972, Long-term follow-up of antibiotic-treated tropical sprue, Ann Intern Med, 76, 203, 10.7326/0003-4819-76-2-203 Rosenblatt, 1993, Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 16, 337, 10.1016/0732-8893(93)90086-M Rosoff, 1989, Stool diagnosis of giardiasis using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay to detect Giardia-specific antigen 65 (GSA 65), J Clin Microbiol, 27, 1997, 10.1128/JCM.27.9.1997-2002.1989 Ross, 1942, Chronic diarrhoea due to Trichocephalus trichiurus, Lancet, 2, 97, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)62290-0 Sandfort, 1994, Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in an immunocompetent patient who had acute diarrhea and who was not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, Clin Infect Dis, 19, 514, 10.1093/clinids/19.3.514 Sandler, 1981, Whipworm infestation in the colon and rectum stimulating Crohn's colitis, Lancet, 2, 210, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90402-5 Schorling, 1990, A prospective study of persistent diarrhea among children in an urban Brazilian slum, Am J Epidemiol, 132, 144, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115626 Schumacher, 1993, Inflammatory bowel disease presenting as travelers' diarrhoea, Lancet, 341, 241, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90105-P Shaffer, 1989, Chronic travelers' diarrhea in a normal host due to Isospora belli, J Infect Dis, 159, 596, 10.1093/infdis/159.3.596 Shlim, 1991, An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal, Am J Trop Med Hyg, 45, 383, 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.383 Soave, 1986, A new intestinal pathogen?, Clin Res, 34, 533A Solomons, 1982, Giardiasis: Nutritional implications, Rev Infect Dis, 4, 859, 10.1093/4.4.859 Steffen, 1987, Health problems after travel to developing countries, J Infect Dis, 156, 84, 10.1093/infdis/156.1.84 Steffen, 1994, Epidemiologic basis for the practice of travel medicine, Journal of Wilderness Medicine, 5, 56, 10.1580/0953-9859-5.1.56 Sutton, 1985, Giardiasis with protein-losing enteropathy, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 4, 56, 10.1097/00005176-198502000-00011 Taylor, 1988, Etiology of diarrhea among travellers and foreign residents in Nepal, JAMA, 260, 1245, 10.1001/jama.260.9.1245 Thielman, 1997, An algorithmic approach to the workup and management of HIV-related diarrhea, Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 4, 36 Thompson, 1974, Giardiasis: An unusual cause of epidemic diarrhoea, Lancet, 1, 615, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92664-6 Tsukamoto, 1978, Two epidemics of diarrhoeal disease possibly caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides, J Hyg, 80, 275, 10.1017/S0022172400053638 Visvesvara, 1997, Uniform staining of Cyclospora oocysts in fecal smears by a modified safranin technique with microwave heating, J Clin Microbiol, 35, 730, 10.1128/JCM.35.3.730-733.1997 Weber, 1991, Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: Evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods, J Clin Microbiol, 29, 1323, 10.1128/JCM.29.7.1323-1327.1991 Weber, 1992, Improved light-microscopical detection of microsporidia spores in stool and duodenal aspirates, N Engl J Med, 326, 161, 10.1056/NEJM199201163260304 Weber, 1994, Human microsporidial infections, Clinical Microbiology Review, 7, 426, 10.1128/CMR.7.4.426 Weber, 1994, Detection of Septata intestinalis in stool specimens and coprodiagnostic monitoring of successful treatment with albendazole, Clin Infect Dis, 19, 342, 10.1093/clinids/19.2.342 Weber, 1994, Microsporidial infections in immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients, Clin Infect Dis, 19, 517, 10.1093/clinids/19.3.517 Welsh, 1984, Intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in giardiasis, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 3, 37, 10.1097/00005176-198401000-00010 Whalen, 1969, Intestinal capillariasis: A new disease in man, Lancet, 1, 13, 10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90983-0 Wittner, 1989, Eustrongylidiasis—a parasitic infection acquired by eating sushi, N Engl J Med, 320, 1124, 10.1056/NEJM198904273201706 Wuhib, 1994, Cryptosporidial and microsporidial infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in northeastern Brazil, J Infect Dis, 170, 494, 10.1093/infdis/170.2.494 Wurtz, 1994, Cyclospora: A newly identified intestinal pathogen of humans, Clin Infect Dis, 18, 620, 10.1093/clinids/18.4.620