PDVSA'S possible sale of CITGO and the subsequent ramifications on US foreign and energy policy

Energy Policy - Tập 42 - Trang 89-94 - 2012
Andrew Otazo1
1615 Ocean Drive Key Biscayne, Florida 33134, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Altamirano, Nelson, David R. Mares. 2007. Venezuela's PDVSA and World Energy Market: Corporte Startegies and Political Factors Determining its Behavior and Influence. The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University. March 2007. Available from: 〈http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/NOCs/Papers/NOC_PDVSA_Mares-Altamirano.pdf〉 (accessed 1.10.2011). Aizhu, Chen China's oil demand is set to lead world again in 2012. Reuters. 12 October 2012. Available from: 〈http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/12/us-china-oil-demand-idUSTRE79B1GY20111012〉 (accessed 08.11.2012) Barrionuevo, Alexei, Simon, Romero, 2005. The troubled oil company. The New York Times. 20 April 2005. Available from: 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/20/business/worldbusiness/20citgo.html?adxnnl=1&pagewanted=1&adxnnlx=1317821571-2GgVa6fyz3N/vnlR7kzz6w〉 (accessed 1.10.2011) Burrows,Vanessa K., Linda Luther, Neelesh Nerurkar, Paul W. Parfomak. 2011 Keystone XL Pipeline Project: Key Issues. Congressional Research Service. 21 March 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.argusleader.com/assets/pdf/DF1812431029.PDF〉 (accessed 08.11.2011). CITGO, 2010. PDVSA. Available from: 〈http://www.citgo.com/Home.jsp〉 (accessed 11.10.2010) CITGO Company Profile, 2010. Hoovers.com. Hoovers a D&B Company. Available from: 〈http://www.hoovers.com/company/CITGO_Petroleum_Corporation/hyschi-1.html〉 (accessed 12.10.2010) Chavez's CITGO Sale Would Impact Venezuela, 2010. PetroleumWorld.com. Petroleum World: Latin American Energy, Oil, & Gas. 8 December 2010. Available from: 〈http://www.petroleumworld.com/storyt10120802.htm〉 (accessed 12.02.2011) Chavez warns against Iran attack. BBC News, 19 September 2006. Web. 8 Nov. 2011. 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5358486.stm〉 Chavez Threatens to cut off oil to US. Huffington Post. 30 November 2007. 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/11/30/chavez-threatens-to-cut-o_n_74916.html〉 (accessed 08.11.2011) Daniel, Frank Jack, 2010. Chavez calls Venezuela-owned CITGO bad business. Reuters América Latina, 26 October 2010. Available from: 〈http://lta.reuters.com/article/idLTAN255577720101026〉 (accessed 1.12.2010) Danish Ship Finance, 2011. VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier. Available from: 〈http://www.skibskredit.dk/Default.aspx?ID=407〉 (accessed 04.10.2011) Energy Information Agency, 2007. Venezuelan Petroleum and CITGO, US Department of Energy Economic Pressure on PDVSA Affects CITGO, 2009. El Universal. 2 September 2009. Available from: 〈http://www.el-universal.com/2009/09/02/en_eco_esp_economic- pressure-on_02A2691567.shtml〉 Energy Information Administration. 2011. World oil transit chokepoints energy data, statistics and analysis—oil, gas, electric, coal. Panama Canal. US Department of Energy. Available from: 〈http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Panama_Canal.html〉 (accessed 21.02.2011). Environmental Groups. 2011. File Lawsuit to Block Keystone XL Pipeline. The Lincoln Star Journal. 5 October 2011. Available from: 〈http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_60b36e1c-988b-5134-b1ec-c9bbb784dab5.html〉 (accessed 05.10.2011) Energy Information Administration. Venezuela. Total oil exports to US. US Department of Energy, 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=VE#pet〉 (accessed 08.11.2011) Fitch Cuts Ratings on CITGO, 2010. Sets outlook to stable. The Associated Press, 19 May 2010. Available from: 〈http://www.moneynews.com/InvestingAnalysis/Fitch- Cuts-Ratings-Citgo/2010/05/19/id/359548〉 (accessed 20.10.2010) Gardner, Timothy SCENARIOS: US battle brews over Canada oil pipeline. Reuters Africa. 1 November 2010. Available from: 〈http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN0121289720101101?pageNu mber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0〉 (accessed 15.11.2010) Jones, Dow, 2006. Venezuela, Argentina Begin Building New PDVSA Tanker Fleet. Offnews.info., 27 July 2006. Available from: 〈http://www.offnews.info/verArticulo.php?contenidoID=5270〉 (accessed 21.02.2011) Kerr, Juliette, 2010. Venezuela once again considers sale of CITGO assets in US. HIS Global Insight, 3 November 2010 Kelemen, Jasmina, 2011. Low gas prices plague Venezuela. Market Watch, 16 March 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.marketwatch.com/story/low-gas-prices-plague-venezuela-2011-03-16〉 (accessed 07.04.2011) Lyondell Houston Refinery, 2010. Asbestos.com. n.p. n.d. Available from: 〈http://www.asbestos.com/oil-refineries/lyondell-houston-refinery.php〉 (accessed 10.10.2010). Lacey, Stephen. 2011. State Department concludes Keystone XL has no significant impacts. Grist Magazine. 26 August 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.grist.org/climate-change/2011-08-26-state-department-concludes-keystone-xl-no-significant-impacts〉 (accessed 01.10.2011) Mandler, Benedict, 2011. Will Venezuela sell CITGO? The Financial Times, 18 February 2010. Available from: 〈http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/02/18/will- venezuela-sell-citgo〉 (accessed 21.02.2011) Ministerio del Poder, 2005. Popular para la Energía y Petróleo. Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela. Available from: 〈http://www.pdvsa.com/〉 (accessed 12.11.2010) Markey, Patrick Chavez calls Bush asshole' as foes fight troops. Common Dreams. 1 March 2004. Available from: 〈http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0301-04.htm〉 (accessed 08.11.2011) Nuñez, José Suárez, 2010. Preparan salida de CITGO. Entorno Inteligente, 26 October 2010. Available from: 〈http://www.entornointeligente.com/resumen/resumen.php?items=10702 74〉 (accessed 30.10.2010) O'Brien, Michael. Lawmakers want Venezuela named a state sponsor of terrorism. The Hill. 28 October 2009. Available from: 〈http://thehill.com/blogs/blog- briefing-room/news/65219-lawmakers -want-venezuela-named-a-state-sponsor-of-terrorism〉 (accessed 07.04.2011) Petroleum Intelligence, 2009. Weekly Ranks World's Top 50 Oil Companies. Energy Intelligence. Available from: 〈http://www.energyintel.com/documentdetail.asp?document_id=245527〉 (accessed 12.10.2010) PDVSA, Broke, Leverages CITGO, 2010. Caracas Gringo, 15 May 2010. 〈http://caracasgringo.wordpress.com/2010/05/19/pdvsa-broke-leverages-citgo/〉 (accessed 12.10.2010) PDVSA Calls on Neighbors to Help Double Fleet. All Business. Business Monitor Online. 9 November 2009. Available from: 〈http://www.allbusiness.com/trade-development/international-trade-export/14664611-1.html〉 (accessed 21.02.2011). Parsons, Christi, Paul Richter. Keystone XL pipeline decision delayed until after 2012 election. Los Angeles Times. 11 November 2011. Available from: 〈http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/11/nation/la-na-keystone-20111111〉 (accessed 16.11.2011). Press Office of US Representative Connie Mack (FL-14), (2011). Mack: Iran evades US sanctions with help from Venezuela. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office Sweeney Refinery, 2010. ConocoPhillips.com. ConocoPhillips. n.d. Available from: 〈http://www.conocophillips.com/EN/susdev/accountability/engagement/community_advisory/sweeny/Pages/index.aspx〉 (accessed 10.10.2010) Salameh, Mamdouh G., 2011. China's oil adventure into Venezuela. International Association for Energy Economics, Second Quarter 2011. Available from: 〈www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=130〉 (accessed 8.11.2011) Sea Freight Exchange, 2011. Port to Port Distances. SeaRates.com. Available from: 〈http://www.searates.com/reference/portdistance/〉 (accessed 04.10.2011) The Office of Electronic Information, 2011. Bureau of public affairs. background notes. US Department of State, VenezuelaUS, 8 Febuary 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm〉 (accessed 21.02.2011) TransCanada Corp. 2008. TransCanada, ConocoPhillips to expand keystone to gulf coast. Downstream Today. 16 July 2008. Available from: 〈http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=11890&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1〉 (accessed 01.10.2011) United States Congress, 2010. Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, accountability, and divestment act of 2010. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office Venezuela's CITGO, 2010. Rate Ba2 by Moody's. Latin American Herald Tribune. Available from: 〈http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=10717&ArticleId=357141〉 (accessed 11.10.2010). V&E. US imposes sanctions for supplying refined petroleum products to Iran. Vinson & Elkins LLP. 26 May 2011. Available from: 〈http://www.velaw.com/resources/USImposesSanctionsSupplyingRefinedPetroleumProductsIran.aspx〉 (accessed 01.10.2011). de Krivoy, Ruth, Tamara Herrera, Victor Ramos, 2010. We don't see the sale of CITGO in the short term. Sintesis Financiera, 27 October 2010.