PD-L1 confers glioblastoma multiforme malignancy via Ras binding and Ras/Erk/EMT activation

Wen, 2008, Malignant gliomas in adults, N. Engl. J. Med., 359, 492, 10.1056/NEJMra0708126 Stupp, 2009, Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial, Lancet Oncol., 10, 459, 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70025-7 Tran, 2010, Survival comparison between glioblastoma multiforme and other incurable cancers, J. Clin. Neurosci., 17, 417, 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.09.004 Stupp, 2005, Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma, N. Engl. J. Med., 352, 987, 10.1056/NEJMoa043330 Wolchok, 2015, PD-1 Blockers, Cell, 162, 937, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.045 Afreen, 2014, The immunoinhibitory B7-H1 molecule as a potential target in cancer: killing many birds with one stone, Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther., 7, 1, 10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.09.005 Tumeh, 2014, PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance, Nature, 515, 568, 10.1038/nature13954 Topalian, 2012, Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer, N. Engl. J. Med., 366, 2443, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690 Maxwell, 2017, Clinical trials investigating immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma, Curr. Treat. Options in Oncol., 18, 51, 10.1007/s11864-017-0492-y Thompson, 2006, Tumor B7-H1 is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma patients with long-term follow-up, Cancer Res., 66, 3381, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4303 Hino, 2010, Tumor cell expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 is a prognostic factor for malignant melanoma, Cancer, 116, 1757, 10.1002/cncr.24899 Thompson, 2004, Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 101, 17174, 10.1073/pnas.0406351101 Hamanishi, 2007, Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes are prognostic factors of human ovarian cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, 3360, 10.1073/pnas.0611533104 Ghebeh, 2007, Expression of B7-H1 in breast cancer patients is strongly associated with high proliferative Ki-67-expressing tumor cells, Int. J. Cancer, 121, 751, 10.1002/ijc.22703 Chen, 2016, Regulation of PD-L1: a novel role of pro-survival signalling in cancer, Ann. Oncol., 27, 409, 10.1093/annonc/mdv615 Zhang, 2017, PD-L1 induced by IFN-gamma from tumor-associated macrophages via the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways promoted progression of lung cancer, Int. J. Clin. Oncol., 22, 1026, 10.1007/s10147-017-1161-7 Clark, 2016, Tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 signals regulate cell growth, pathogenesis, and autophagy in ovarian cancer and melanoma, Cancer Res., 76, 6964, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0258 Li, 2017, Knockdown of PD-L1 in human gastric cancer cells inhibits tumor progression and improves the cytotoxic sensitivity to CIK therapy, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 41, 907, 10.1159/000460504 Zhao, 2017, A blockade of PD-L1 produced antitumor and antimetastatic effects in an orthotopic mouse pancreatic cancer model via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Onco Targets Ther., 10, 2115, 10.2147/OTT.S130481 Ock, 2016, H.G. Wu, M.W. Sung, D.S. Heo, PD-L1 expression is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, Oncotarget, 7, 15901, 10.18632/oncotarget.7431 Kim, 2016, PD-L1 expression is associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in adenocarcinoma of the lung, Hum. Pathol., 58, 7, 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.007 Gupta, 2016, Tumor cell-intrinsic PD-L1 promotes tumor-initiating cell generation and functions in melanoma and ovarian cancer, Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 1, 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.30 Xue, 2017, The prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in patients with glioma: a meta-analysis, Sci. Rep., 7, 4231, 10.1038/s41598-017-04023-x Yao, 2009, B7-H1 is correlated with malignancy-grade gliomas but is not expressed exclusively on tumor stem-like cells, Neuro-Oncology, 11, 757, 10.1215/15228517-2009-014 Wang, 2016, Molecular and clinical characterization of PD-L1 expression at transcriptional level via 976 samples of brain glioma, Oncoimmunology, 5, 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1196310 Nduom, 2016, PD-L1 expression and prognostic impact in glioblastoma, Neuro-Oncology, 18, 195, 10.1093/neuonc/nov172 Zeng, 2016, Expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 and its correlation with clinical outcomes in gliomas, Oncotarget, 7, 8944, 10.18632/oncotarget.6884 Xue, 2017, Relationship between expression of PD-L1 and tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion in glioma, Oncotarget, 8, 49702, 10.18632/oncotarget.17922 Joung, 2017, Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout and transcriptional activation screening, Nat. Protoc., 12, 828, 10.1038/nprot.2017.016 Sanjana, 2014, Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening, Nat. Methods, 11, 783, 10.1038/nmeth.3047 Depner, 2016, EphrinB2 repression through ZEB2 mediates tumour invasion and anti-angiogenic resistance, Nat. Commun., 7, 10.1038/ncomms12329 Drake, 2005, Assessing tumor growth and distribution in a model of prostate cancer metastasis using bioluminescence imaging, Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 22, 674, 10.1007/s10585-006-9011-4 Zhang, 2013, Neuroglobin, a novel intracellular hexa-coordinated globin, functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma via Raf/MAPK/Erk, Mol. Pharmacol., 83, 1109, 10.1124/mol.112.083634 Chen, 2015, Piperlongumine selectively kills hepatocellular carcinoma cells and preferentially inhibits their invasion via ROS-ER-MAPKs-CHOP, Oncotarget, 6, 6406, 10.18632/oncotarget.3444 Lu, 2015, MIR517C inhibits autophagy and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal (−like) transition phenotype in human glioblastoma through KPNA2-dependent disruption of TP53 nuclear translocation, Autophagy, 11, 2213, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1108507 Li, 2014, Neuroglobin promotes neurite outgrowth via differential binding to PTEN and Akt, Mol. Neurobiol., 49, 149, 10.1007/s12035-013-8506-7 Lamouille, 2014, Molecular mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 15, 178, 10.1038/nrm3758 Virtakoivu, 2015, Vimentin-ERK signaling uncouples slug gene regulatory function, Cancer Res., 75, 2349, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2842 McCubrey, 2017, Roles of GSK-3 and microRNAs on epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells, Oncotarget, 8, 14221, 10.18632/oncotarget.13991 Takashima, 2013, Targeting the RAS oncogene, Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 17, 507, 10.1517/14728222.2013.764990 Callahan, 2016, Targeting T cell co-receptors for cancer therapy, Immunity, 44, 1069, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.023 Berghoff, 2015, Programmed death ligand 1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma, Neuro-Oncology, 17, 1064, 10.1093/neuonc/nou307 Kahlert, 2012, Activation of canonical WNT/beta-catenin signaling enhances in vitro motility of glioblastoma cells by activation of ZEB1 and other activators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, Cancer Lett., 325, 42, 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.024 Kim, 2012, Notch1 counteracts WNT/beta-catenin signaling through chromatin modification in colorectal cancer, J. Clin. Invest., 122, 3248, 10.1172/JCI61216 N. Cancer Genome Atlas Research, 2008, Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways, Nature, 455, 1061, 10.1038/nature07385 Nathanson, 2014, Targeted therapy resistance mediated by dynamic regulation of extrachromosomal mutant EGFR DNA, Science (New York, N.Y.), 343, 72, 10.1126/science.1241328