Overview of inhalation exposure techniques: Strengths and weaknesses

Elsevier BV - Tập 57 - Trang 111-128 - 2005
Jürgen Pauluhn1
1Department of Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology, BAYER AG, HealthCare, Building no. 514, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Achmadi, 1998, Household insecticides: evaluation and assessment of inhalation toxicity: a workshop summary, Exp Toxicol Pathol, 50, 67, 10.1016/S0940-2993(98)80073-0

Asanami, 1998, Hypothermia induces micronuclei in mouse marrow cells, Mutat Res, 393, 91, 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00089-2

Asanami, 1998, Transient hypothermia induces micronuclei in mice, Mutat Res, 413, 7, 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00004-7

Baker, 2004, An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity, Food Chem Toxicol, 42S, S53, 10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.001

Bernstein, 1980, The major parameters affecting temperature inside inhalation chambers, Am Ind Hyg Ass J, 41, 420, 10.1080/15298668091424960

Borgert, 2004, Can mode of action predict mixture toxicity for risk assessment?, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 201, 85, 10.1016/j.taap.2004.05.005

Darmer, 1974, Acute toxicity in rats and mice exposed to hydrogen chloride gas and aerosols, Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 35, 331, 10.1080/0002889748507082

DIN 53436 – Erzeugung thermischer Zersetzungsprodukte von Werkstoffen unter Luftzufuhr und ihre toxikologische Prüfung. Teil 1: Zersetzungsgerät und Bestimmung der Versuchstemperatur. Teil 2: Verfahren der thermischen Zersetzung. Teil 3: Verfahren zur inhalationstoxikologischen Untersuchung.

Feron, 2002, Toxicological evaluation of chemical mixtures, Food Chem Toxicol, 40, 825, 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00021-2

Franke, 1995, The occurrence of chlorinated bis-(propyl) ethers in the Elbe River and tributaries, Naturwissenschaften, 82, 80, 10.1007/BF01140145

Frankel, 1974, Formation of bis-(chloromethyl) ether from formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride, Environ Sci Technol, 8, 356, 10.1021/es60089a002

Gardner, 1993, Methodologies and technology for animal inhalation toxicological studies, 1

Gordon, 2005

Groten, 2001, Toxicology of simple and complex mixtures, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 22, 316, 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)01720-X

1987, Vol. 1–42

ISO/TR 9122-1. Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 1: General, 1989.

ISO/TR 9122-2. Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 2: Guidelines for biological assays to determine the acute inhalation toxicity of fire effluents (basic principles, criteria and methodology), 1993.

ISO/TR 9122-3. Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 3: Methods for the analysis of gases and vapours in fire effluents, 1993.

ISO/TR 9122-4. Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 4: The fire model (furnaces and combustion apparatus used in small-scale testing), 1993.

ISO/TR 9122-5. Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 5: Prediction of the toxic effect of fire effluents, 1993.

Krieger, 2003, Octachlorodipropyl ether (S-2) mosquito coils are inadequately studied for residential use in Asia and illegal in the United States, Environ Health Perspect, 111, 1439, 10.1289/ehp.6177

Langelaan, 1989, Determination of trace levels of chloromethyl-methylether and bis(chloromethyl)ether in air, Intern J Environ Anal Chem, 36, 27, 10.1080/03067318908026855

Mauderly, 1993, Toxicological approaches to complex mixtures, Environ Health Perspect, 101, 155, 10.1289/ehp.93101s4155

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 403. “Acute Inhalation Toxicity”, adopted May 12, 1981.

Pauluhn, 1993, A retrospective analysis of predicted and observed smoke lethal toxic potency values, Journal of Fire Sciences, 11, 109, 10.1177/073490419301100201

Pauluhn, 1994, Validation of an improved nose-only exposure system for rodents, J Appl Toxicol, 14, 55, 10.1002/jat.2550140111

Pauluhn, 2002, Aniline-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs: pitfalls of route-to-route extrapolations, Inhal Toxicol, 14, 959, 10.1080/08958370290084719

Pauluhn, 2003, Overview of testing methods used in inhalation toxicity: from facts to artifacts, Toxicol Lett, 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00509-X

Pauluhn, 2004, Acute inhalation studies with irritant aerosols: technical issues and relevance for risk characterization, Arch Toxicol, 78, 243, 10.1007/s00204-003-0516-1

Pauluhn, 2004, Toxicity of fire gases, 628

Pauluhn, 2000, Inhalation Studies in laboratory animals – current concepts and alternatives, Toxicol Pathol, 28, 734, 10.1177/019262330002800514

Pauluhn, 2001, Inhalation toxicity of 4-ethoxyaniline (p-phenetidine): Critical analysis of results of subacute inhalation exposure studies in rats, Inhal Toxicol, 13, 993, 10.1080/089583701753210371

Pauluhn, 2003, Critical analysis of potential body temperature confounders on neurochemical endpoints caused by direct dosing and maternal separation in neonatal mice: a study of bioallethrin and deltamethrin interactions with temperature on brain muscarinic receptors, J Appl Toxicol, 23, 9, 10.1002/jat.873

Phalen, 1984

Rando, 1999, Development and application of a dichotomous vapor/aerosol sampler for HDI-derived total reactive isocyanate group, Am Ind Hyg Ass J, 60, 737, 10.1080/00028899908984496

1992, SOT-Commentary. Recommendations for the conduct of acute inhalation limit tests, prepared by the technical committee of the inhalation specialty section, Society of Toxicology, Fundam Appl Toxicol, 18, 321, 10.1016/0272-0590(92)90130-A

Tsung-Hung, 2000, An exposure system to study the effects of water-soluble gases on PM-induced toxicity, Inhal Toxicol, 12, 563, 10.1080/089583700402914

US-EPA OPPTS, US-EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines 870.1300. Acute Inhalation Toxicity. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 712C-98-193, August 1998.

Wexler, 1998, Particles do not increase vapor deposition in human airways, J Aerosol Sci, 29, 197, 10.1016/S0021-8502(97)00456-4

Willeke, 1993

1998

Xue, 1988, Epidemiological investigations on the lung cancer among chloro-methyl-ether exposures