Overview of Antifungal Agents

Ellis, 2002, Amphotericin B: spectrum and resistance, J Antimicrob Chemother, 49, 7, 10.1093/jac/49.suppl_1.7

Ben-Ami, 2008, Immunocompromised hosts: immunopharmacology of modern antifungals, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 226, 10.1086/589290

Rex, 2002, Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age?, Clin Infect Dis, 35, 982, 10.1086/342384

Andes, 2003, In vivo pharmacodynamics of antifungal drugs in treatment of candidiasis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1179, 10.1128/AAC.47.4.1179-1186.2003

Saag, 2000, Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin Infect Dis, 30, 710, 10.1086/313757

Dodds Ashley Es, 2006, Pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents, Clin Infect Dis, 43, S28, 10.1086/504492

Pappas, 2004, Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis, Clin Infect Dis, 38, 161, 10.1086/380796

Walsh, 2002, Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever, N Engl J Med, 346, 225, 10.1056/NEJM200201243460403

Goldberg, 2008, Empirical antifungal therapy for patients with neutropenia and persistent fever: systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur J Cancer, 44, 2192, 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.040

Walsh, 2008, Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 327, 10.1086/525258

Chamilos, 2008, Delaying amphotericin B-based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 503, 10.1086/590004

Mora-Duarte, 2002, Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis, N Engl J Med, 347, 2020, 10.1056/NEJMoa021585

Johnson, 2002, Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS, Ann Intern Med, 137, 105, 10.7326/0003-4819-137-2-200207160-00008

Borro, 2008, Efficiency and safety of inhaled amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation, Transplant Proc, 40, 3090, 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.09.020

Slobbe, 2008, Tolerability of prophylactic aerosolized liposomal amphotericin-B and impact on pulmonary function: data from a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 21, 855, 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.09.001

Rijnders, 2008, Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 1401, 10.1086/586739

Cornely, 2007, Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial), Clin Infect Dis, 44, 1289, 10.1086/514341

Saliba, 2008, Renal impairment and amphotericin B formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections, Med Mycol, 46, 97, 10.1080/13693780701730469

Kleinberg, 2006, What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B?, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 27, 12, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.013

Shimokawa, 1992, Increased sensitivity of Candida albicans cells accumulating 14 alpha-methylated sterols to active oxygen: possible relevance to in vivo efficacies of azole antifungal agents, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36, 1626, 10.1128/AAC.36.8.1626

Kramer, 1990, Cyclosporine and itraconazole interaction in heart and lung transplant recipients, Ann Intern Med, 113, 327, 10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-327

Varis, 1998, Plasma concentrations and effects of oral methylprednisolone are considerably increased by itraconazole, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 64, 363, 10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90066-2

Tucker, 1992, Interaction of azoles with rifampin, phenytoin, and carbamazepine: in vitro and clinical observations, Clin Infect Dis, 14, 165, 10.1093/clinids/14.1.165

Kivisto, 1997, Plasma buspirone concentrations are greatly increased by erythromycin and itraconazole, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 62, 348, 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90038-2

Engels, 2004, Effect of cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 75, 448, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.01.001

Grub, 2001, The interaction of saquinavir (soft gelatin capsule) with ketoconazole, erythromycin and rifampicin: comparison of the effect in healthy volunteers and in HIV-infected patients, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 57, 115, 10.1007/s002280100277

Jeng, 2001, Itraconazole-enhanced vincristine neurotoxicity in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 18, 137, 10.1080/088800101300002973

Itraconazole [package insert]. (Sempera) product monograph. Janssen-Cilag GmbH N, Germany, 2003.

Kaukonen, 1997, Itraconazole increases plasma concentrations of quinidine, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 62, 510, 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90046-1

Lefebvre, 1997, Influence of itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of astemizole, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 43, 319, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1997.00548.x

Honig, 1993, Itraconazole affects single-dose terfenadine pharmacokinetics and cardiac repolarization pharmacodynamics, J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 1201, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03920.x

Posaconazole [package insert]. Kenilworth NSC.

Voriconazole (V-fend) [package insert]. Summary of Product Characteristics SAahemou.

DeMuria, 1993, Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluconazole in patients with AIDS, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37, 2187, 10.1128/AAC.37.10.2187

Baddley, 2008, Association of fluconazole pharmacodynamics with mortality in patients with candidemia, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 52, 3022, 10.1128/AAC.00116-08

Stevens, 1997, Safety evaluation of chronic fluconazole therapy. Fluconazole Pan-American Study Group, Chemotherapy, 43, 371, 10.1159/000239592

Hamza, 2008, Single-dose fluconazole versus standard 2-week therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 1270, 10.1086/592578

Slavin, 1995, Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation—a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, J Infect Dis, 171, 1545, 10.1093/infdis/171.6.1545

Schuster, 2008, Empirical fluconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 149, 83, 10.7326/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00004

Longley, 2008, Dose response effect of high-dose fluconazole for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis in southwestern Uganda, Clin Infect Dis, 47, 1556, 10.1086/593194

Johnson, 2006, Coccidioidal meningitis, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 103, 10.1086/497596

Jaruratanasirikul, 1997, Influence of an acidic beverage (Coca-Cola) on the absorption of itraconazole, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 52, 235, 10.1007/s002280050280

Lange, 1997, Effect of a cola beverage on the bioavailability of itraconazole in the presence of H2 blockers, J Clin Pharmacol, 37, 535, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1997.tb04332.x

Barone, 1998, Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin solution versus capsules in healthy volunteers, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, 1862, 10.1128/AAC.42.7.1862

Van de Velde, 1996, Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of a new hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin formulation of itraconazole, Pharmacotherapy, 16, 424, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02973.x

Stevens, 1999, Itraconazole in cyclodextrin solution, Pharmacotherapy, 19, 603, 10.1592/phco.19.8.603.31529

Como, 1994, Oral azole drugs as systemic antifungal therapy, N Engl J Med, 330, 263, 10.1056/NEJM199401273300407

Warnock, 1988, Comparison of high performance liquid chromatographic and microbiological methods for determination of itraconazole, J Antimicrob Chemother, 21, 93, 10.1093/jac/21.1.93

Wheat, 2007, Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 807, 10.1086/521259

De Beule, 2001, Pharmacology of itraconazole, Drugs, 61, 27, 10.2165/00003495-200161001-00003

Tucker, 1990, Adverse events associated with itraconazole in 189 patients on chronic therapy, J Antimicrob Chemother, 26, 561, 10.1093/jac/26.4.561

Glasmacher, 1999, Itraconazole through concentrations in antifungal prophylaxis with six different dosing regimens using hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin oral solution or coated-pellet capsules, Mycoses, 42, 591, 10.1046/j.1439-0507.1999.00518.x

Ahmad, 2001, Congestive heart failure associated with itraconazole, Lancet, 357, 1766, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04891-1

Manavathu, 2000, A comparative study of the in vitro susceptibilities of clinical and laboratory-selected resistant isolates of Aspergillus spp. to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole (SCH 56592), J Antimicrob Chemother, 46, 229, 10.1093/jac/46.2.229

Nagappan, 2007, Reviews of anti-infective agents: posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 1610, 10.1086/523576

Courtney, 2004, Effect of food on the relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of posaconazole in healthy adults, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 57, 218, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01977.x

Ezzet, 2005, Oral bioavailability of posaconazole in fasted healthy subjects: comparison between three regimens and basis for clinical dosage recommendations, Clin Pharm, 44, 211, 10.2165/00003088-200544020-00006

Jain, 2008, The effect of gastric acid on the absorption of posaconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 1627, 10.1086/587755

Krishna, 2008, Effect of gastric pH, dosing regimen and prandial state, food and meal timing relative to dose, and gastrointestinal motility on absorption and pharmacokinetics of the antifungal posaconazole, 1264

Courtney, 2003, Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oral posaconazole administered in single and multiple doses in healthy adults, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 2788, 10.1128/AAC.47.9.2788-2795.2003

Sansone-Parsons, 2006, Effect of a nutritional supplement on posaconazole pharmacokinetics following oral administration to healthy volunteers, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 50, 1881, 10.1128/AAC.50.5.1881-1883.2006

Meletiadis, 2006, Human pharmacogenomic variations and their implications for antifungal efficacy, Clin Microbiol Rev, 19, 763, 10.1128/CMR.00059-05

Cornely, 2007, Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia, N Engl J Med, 356, 348, 10.1056/NEJMoa061094

Ullmann, 2007, Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease, N Engl J Med, 356, 335, 10.1056/NEJMoa061098

Walsh, 2007, Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial, Clin Infect Dis, 44, 2, 10.1086/508774

Courtney, 2005, Posaconazole pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability in subjects with varying degrees of chronic renal disease, J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 185, 10.1177/0091270004271402

Raad, 2006, Safety of long-term oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections, Clin Infect Dis, 42, 1726, 10.1086/504328

Johnson, 2003, Voriconazole: a new triazole antifungal agent, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 630, 10.1086/367933

Purkins, 2002, Pharmacokinetics and safety of voriconazole following intravenous- to oral-dose escalation regimens, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 2546, 10.1128/AAC.46.8.2546-2553.2002

Lazarus, 2002, Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in patients at risk of fungal infection: a dose escalation study, J Clin Pharmacol, 42, 395, 10.1177/0091270002424005

Ikeda, 2004, Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole and cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic status, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 75, 587, 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.02.002

Denning, 2002, Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis, Clin Infect Dis, 34, 563, 10.1086/324620

Scherpbier, 2003, Liver failure in a child receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and voriconazole, Clin Infect Dis, 37, 828, 10.1086/376985

Pascual, 2008, Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 201, 10.1086/524669

Lewis, 2008, What is the “therapeutic range” for voriconazole?, Clin Infect Dis, 46, 212, 10.1086/524670

Zonios, 2008, Hallucinations during voriconazole therapy, Clin Infect Dis, 47, e7, 10.1086/588844

Herbrecht, 2002, Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis, N Engl J Med, 347, 408, 10.1056/NEJMoa020191

Chapman, 2000, Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin Infect Dis, 30, 679, 10.1086/313750

Kauffman, 2000, Practice guidelines for the management of patients with sporotrichosis. For the Mycoses Study Group. Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clin Infect Dis, 30, 684, 10.1086/313751

Goodwin, 2008, Antifungal serum concentration monitoring: an update, J Antimicrob Chemother, 61, 17, 10.1093/jac/dkm389

Cappelletty, 2007, The echinocandins, Pharmacotherapy, 27, 369, 10.1592/phco.27.3.369

Pfaller, 2008, Correlation of MIC with outcome for Candida species tested against caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin: analysis and proposal for interpretive MIC breakpoints, J Clin Microbiol, 46, 2620, 10.1128/JCM.00566-08

Lamaris, 2008, Caspofungin-mediated beta-glucan unmasking and enhancement of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity against Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus hyphae, J Infect Dis, 198, 186, 10.1086/589305

Thompson, 2008, Development of caspofungin resistance following prolonged therapy for invasive candidiasis secondary to Candida glabrata infection, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 52, 3783, 10.1128/AAC.00473-08

Wiederhold, 2007, Attenuation of echinocandin activity at elevated concentrations: a review of the paradoxical effect, Curr Opin Infect Dis, 20, 574, 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f1be7f

Kuse, 2007, Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomised double-blind trial, Lancet, 369, 1519, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60605-9

Reboli, 2007, Anidulafungin versus fluconazole for invasive candidiasis, N Engl J Med, 356, 2472, 10.1056/NEJMoa066906

Pappas, 2007, Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis, Clin Infect Dis, 45, 883, 10.1086/520980

Cornely, 2007, Caspofungin for the treatment of less common forms of invasive candidiasis, J Antimicrob Chemother, 60, 363, 10.1093/jac/dkm169

Baddley, 2008, Candida infective endocarditis, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 27, 519, 10.1007/s10096-008-0466-x

Heinz, 2008, Caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillus infections, Mycoses, 51, 47, 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2008.01528.x

Polak, 1975, Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and mechanisms of resistance, Chemotherapy, 21, 113, 10.1159/000221854

Stamm, 1987, Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis, Am J Med, 83, 236, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90691-7

Brouwer, 2004, Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial, Lancet, 363, 1764, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16301-0

Enache-Angoulvant, 2005, Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 1559, 10.1086/497832

da Matta, 2007, Antifungal drug susceptibility profile of Pichia anomala isolates from patients presenting with nosocomial fungemia, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51, 1573, 10.1128/AAC.01038-06

Paphitou, 2002, In vitro antifungal susceptibilities of Trichosporon species, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1144, 10.1128/AAC.46.4.1144-1146.2002