Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Prostate Cancer

Boniol, 2012, Critical role of prostate biopsy mortality in the number of years of life gained and lost within a prostate cancer screening programme, BJU Int, 110, 1648, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11513.x

Heijnsdijk, 2012, Quality-of-life effects of prostate-specific antigen screening, N Engl J Med, 367, 595, 10.1056/NEJMoa1201637

Welch, 2010, Overdiagnosis in cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 102, 605, 10.1093/jnci/djq099

Etzioni, 2013, Influence of study features and methods on overdiagnosis estimates in breast and prostate cancer screening, Ann Intern Med, 158, 831, 10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00008

de Gelder, 2011, Interpreting overdiagnosis estimates in population-based mammography screening, Epidemiol Rev, 33, 111, 10.1093/epirev/mxr009

Hartzband, 2012, There is more to life than death, N Engl J Med, 367, 987, 10.1056/NEJMp1207052

Telesca, 2008, Estimating lead time and overdiagnosis associated with PSA screening from prostate cancer incidence trends, Biometrics, 64, 10, 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00825.x

Draisma, 2003, Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 95, 868, 10.1093/jnci/95.12.868

Schroder, 2012, Prostate-cancer mortality at 11 years of follow-up, N Engl J Med, 366, 981, 10.1056/NEJMoa1113135

Crawford, 2011, Comorbidity and mortality results from a randomized prostate cancer screening trial, J Clin Oncol, 29, 355, 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.5979

Puliti, 2012, Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a literature review, J Med Screen, 19, 42, 10.1258/jms.2012.012082

Biesheuvel, 2007, Effects of study methods and biases on estimates of invasive breast cancer overdetection with mammography screening: a systematic review, Lancet Oncol, 8, 1129, 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70380-7

Savage, 2010, Empirical estimates of the lead time distribution for prostate cancer based on two independent representative cohorts of men not subject to prostate-specific antigen screening, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19, 1201, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1251

Auvinen, 2002, Lead-time in prostate cancer screening (Finland), Cancer Causes Control, 13, 279, 10.1023/A:1015040231402

Finne, 2010, Lead-time in the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Eur J Cancer, 46, 3102, 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.034

Pashayan, 2009, Mean sojourn time, overdiagnosis, and reduction in advanced stage prostate cancer due to screening with PSA: implications of sojourn time on screening, Br J Cancer, 100, 1198, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604973

Draisma, 2009, Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context, J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 374, 10.1093/jnci/djp001

Mariotto, 2007, Reconstructing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing patterns among black and white men in the US from Medicare claims and the National Health Interview Survey, Cancer, 109, 1877, 10.1002/cncr.22607

Draisma, 2013, A note on the catch-up time method for estimating lead or sojourn time in prostate cancer screening, Stat Med, 32, 3332, 10.1002/sim.5750

Schroder, 2009, Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study, N Engl J Med, 360, 1320, 10.1056/NEJMoa0810084

Welch, 2009, Prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment after the introduction of prostate-specific antigen screening: 1986–2005, J Natl Cancer Inst, 101, 1325, 10.1093/jnci/djp278

Gulati, 2011, Long-term projections of the harm-benefit trade-off in prostate cancer screening are more favorable than previous short-term estimates, J Clin Epidemiol, 64, 1412, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.011

Kilpelainen, 2013, Prostate cancer mortality in the Finnish randomized screening trial, J Natl Cancer Inst, 105, 719, 10.1093/jnci/djt038

Loeb, 2011, What is the true number needed to screen and treat to save a life with prostate-specific antigen testing?, J Clin Oncol, 29, 464, 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.6373

Hugosson, 2010, Mortality results from the Goteborg randomised population-based prostate-cancer screening trial, Lancet Oncol, 11, 725, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70146-7

Gulati, 2013, Comparative effectiveness of alternative prostate-specific antigen-based prostate cancer screening strategies: model estimates of potential benefits and harms, Ann Intern Med, 158, 145, 10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00003

Davidov, 2004, Overdiagnosis in early detection programs, Biostatistics, 5, 603, 10.1093/biostatistics/kxh012

Neppl-Huber, 2012, Changes in incidence, survival and mortality of prostate cancer in Europe and the United States in the PSA era: additional diagnoses and avoided deaths, Ann Oncol, 23, 1325, 10.1093/annonc/mdr414

Roobol, 2013, Screening for prostate cancer: results of the Rotterdam section of the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, Eur Urol, 64, 530, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.05.030

Pinsky, 2005, Prostate biopsy following a positive screen in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian cancer screening trial, J Urol, 173, 746, 10.1097/01.ju.0000152697.25708.71

Wever, 2013, Treatment of local-regional prostate cancer detected by PSA screening: benefits and harms according to prognostic factors, Br J Cancer, 108, 1971, 10.1038/bjc.2013.198

Heijnsdijk, 2009, Overdetection, overtreatment and costs in prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer, Br J Cancer, 101, 1833, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605422

Cooperberg, 2004, The changing face of low-risk prostate cancer: trends in clinical presentation and primary management, J Clin Oncol, 22, 2141, 10.1200/JCO.2004.10.062

Dall’era, 2009, Sociodemographic predictors of prostate cancer risk category at diagnosis: unique patterns of significant and insignificant disease, J Urol, 181, 1622, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.123

Daskivich, 2011, Overtreatment of men with low-risk prostate cancer and significant comorbidity, Cancer, 117, 2058, 10.1002/cncr.25751

Miller, 2006, Incidence of initial local therapy among men with lower-risk prostate cancer in the United States, J Natl Cancer Inst, 98, 1134, 10.1093/jnci/djj308

Shao, 2010, Risk profiles and treatment patterns among men diagnosed as having prostate cancer and a prostate-specific antigen level below 4.0 ng/ml, Arch Intern Med, 170, 1256, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.221

Shao, 2011, The impact of PSA testing frequency on prostate cancer incidence and treatment in older men, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 14, 332, 10.1038/pcan.2011.29

Mishra, 2013, Patterns of care for elderly men diagnosed with favorable-risk prostate cancer from 2004 to 2008: a population-based analysis, Am J Clin Oncol, 36, 606, 10.1097/COC.0b013e318261056c

Kim, 2013, Many young men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screen-detected prostate cancers may be candidates for active surveillance, BJU Int, 111, 934, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11768.x

Loeb, 2013, Population based study of use and determinants of active surveillance and watchful waiting for low and intermediate risk prostate cancer, J Urol, 190, 1742, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.05.054

Sengupta, 2013, Are we over-diagnosing and over-treating prostate cancer?, BJU Int, 111, 98

Evans, 2013, Patterns of care for men diagnosed with prostate cancer in Victoria from 2008 to 2011, Med J Aust, 198, 540, 10.5694/mja12.11241

Corcoran, 2010, Cost comparison between watchful waiting with active surveillance and active treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer, Urology, 76, 703, 10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.071

McGregor, 1998, Screening for prostate cancer: estimating the magnitude of overdetection, CMAJ, 159, 1368

Xia, 2012, Prostate cancer mortality following active surveillance versus immediate radical prostatectomy, Clin Cancer Res, 18, 5471, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1502

Graif, 2007, Under diagnosis and over diagnosis of prostate cancer, J Urol, 178, 88, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.017

Noldus, 2000, Stage migration in clinically localized prostate cancer, Eur Urol, 38, 74, 10.1159/000020255

Kilpelainen, 2010, Results of the three rounds of the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial—the incidence of advanced cancer is decreased by screening, Int J Cancer, 127, 1699, 10.1002/ijc.25368

Pelzer, 2008, Over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis of screen- vs non-screen-detected prostate cancers with in men with prostate-specific antigen levels of 2.0-10.0 ng/mL, BJU Int, 101, 1223, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07367.x

Pelzer, 2008, Clinical and pathological features of screen vs non-screen-detected prostate cancers: is there a difference?, BJU Int, 102, 24, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07566.x

Pelzer, 2007, Under diagnosis and over diagnosis of prostate cancer in a screening population with serum PSA 2 to 10 ng/ml, J Urol, 178, 93, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.021

Postma, 2007, Cancer detection and cancer characteristics in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC)—Section Rotterdam: a comparison of two rounds of screening, Eur Urol, 52, 89, 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.01.030

Park, 2013, Detection rate of clinically insignificant prostate cancer increases with repeat prostate biopsies, Asian J Androl, 15, 236, 10.1038/aja.2012.123

Resnick, 2011, Repeat prostate biopsy and the incremental risk of clinically insignificant prostate cancer, Urology, 77, 548, 10.1016/j.urology.2010.08.063

Brausi, 2004, Immediate radical prostatectomy in patients with atypical small acinar proliferation. Over treatment?, J Urol, 172, 906, 10.1097/01.ju.0000134622.54235.93

Miller, 2009, Prostate cancer severity among low income, uninsured men, J Urol, 181, 579, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.010

Sakr, 1994, High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma between the ages of 20-69: an autopsy study of 249 cases, In Vivo, 8, 439

Soos, 2005, The prevalence of prostate carcinoma and its precursor in Hungary: an autopsy study, Eur Urol, 48, 739, 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.08.010

Zlotta, 2013, Prevalence of prostate cancer on autopsy: cross-sectional study on unscreened Caucasian and Asian men, J Natl Cancer Inst, 105, 1050, 10.1093/jnci/djt151

Haas, 2007, Needle biopsies on autopsy prostates: sensitivity of cancer detection based on true prevalence, J Natl Cancer Inst, 99, 1484, 10.1093/jnci/djm153

Sanchez-Chapado, 2003, Prevalence of prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in Caucasian Mediterranean males: an autopsy study, Prostate, 54, 238, 10.1002/pros.10177

Stamatiou, 2006, Frequency of impalpable prostate adenocarcinoma and precancerous conditions in Greek male population: an autopsy study, Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 9, 45, 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500847

Chun, 2008, Critical assessment of tools to predict clinically insignificant prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy in contemporary men, Cancer, 113, 701, 10.1002/cncr.23610

Kattan, 2003, Counseling men with prostate cancer: a nomogram for predicting the presence of small, moderately differentiated, confined tumors, J Urol, 170, 1792, 10.1097/01.ju.0000091806.70171.41

Loeb, 2012, Prostate-specific antigen velocity (PSAV) risk count improves the specificity of screening for clinically significant prostate cancer, BJU Int, 109, 508, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10900.x

Rouse, 2011, Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging to rule-in and rule-out clinically important prostate cancer in men at risk: a cohort study, Urol Int, 87, 49, 10.1159/000325880

Chang, 2005, Genome-wide screen for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in men with clinically significant disease, Prostate, 64, 356, 10.1002/pros.20249

Cooperberg, 2013, Development and validation of the biopsy-based genomic prostate score (GPS) as a predictor of high grade or extracapsular prostate cancer to improve patient selection for active surveillance