Origin and distribution of hydrocarbons and organic matter in the surficial sediments of the Sfax-Kerkennah channel (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea)

Marine Pollution Bulletin - Tập 117 - Trang 414-428 - 2017
Hatem Zaghden1,2, Marc Tedetti3, Sami Sayadi2, Mohamed Moncef Serbaji4, Boubaker Elleuch5, Alain Saliot1
1Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat; Expérimentation et Approches Numériques LOCEAN, UMR CNRS 7159, CNRS/IRD/UPMC/MNHN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case courrier 100, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
2Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, Pôle d'Excellence Régional AUF (PER-LBP), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, BP, 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
3Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
4Study and Management of Coastal and Urban Environments, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Soukra, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
5Laboratoire Eau-Energie-Environnement (Lab 3E), Université de Sfax, ENIS, BP W, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aboul-Kassim, 1995, Petroleum hydrocarbon fingerprinting and sediment transport assessed by molecular biomarker and multivariate statistical analyses in the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 30, 63, 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00102-F Acquavita, 2014, The PAH level, distribution and composition in surface sediments from a Mediterranean Lagoon: the Marano and Grado Lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 81, 234, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.041 Alebic-Juretic, 2011, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments from the Rijeka Bay area, Northern Adriatic, Croatia, 1998–2006, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 62, 863, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.035 Aloulou, 2010, Even-numbered n-alkanes/n-alkenes predominance in surface sediments of Gabes Gulf in Tunisia, Environ. Earth Sci., 61, 1, 10.1007/s12665-009-0315-y Aloulou, 2012, Benthic foraminiferal assemblages as pollution proxies in the northern coast of Gabes Gulf, Tunisia, Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 777, 10.1007/s10661-011-2001-2 Amorri, 2011, Organic matter compounds as source indicators and tracers for marine pollution in a western Mediterranean coastal zone, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 18, 1606, 10.1007/s11356-011-0522-4 Annicchiarico, 2011, PCBs, PAHs and metal contamination and quality index in marine sediments of the Taranto gulf, Chem. Ecol., 27, 21, 10.1080/02757540.2010.536156 Asia, 2009, Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Marseille Bay (France), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58, 443, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.022 Bajt, 2014, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gulf of Trieste sediments (Northern Adriatic): potential impacts of maritime traffic, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 93, 299, 10.1007/s00128-014-1321-7 Barakat, 2011, Distribution and characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 62, 1969, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.024 Barhoumi, 2014, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia: levels, sources, and toxicological significance, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186, 2653, 10.1007/s10661-013-3569-5 Barth, 2010, A web interface for griding arbitrarily distributed in situ data based on data-interpolating variational analysis (DIVA), Adv. Geosci., 28, 29, 10.5194/adgeo-28-29-2010 Baumard, 1998, Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 47, 77, 10.1006/ecss.1998.0337 Bel Hassen, 2009, Phytoplankton dynamics related to water mass propertiesin the Gulf of Gabes: ecological implications., J. Mar. Syst., 75, 216, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.09.004 Ben Ameur, 2010, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in superficial sediments from Ghar El Melh Lagoon, Tunisia, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 85, 184, 10.1007/s00128-010-0044-7 Ben Mustapha, 1999, Bionomie des étages infra et circalittoral du golfe de Gabès, Bull. Inst. Natl. Sci. Tech. Mer (Tunisie), 26, 5 Ben Othman, 1973, 166 Benlahcen, 1997, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some Mediterranean coastal sediments, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 34, 298, 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00098-7 Berner, 1989, Biogeochemical cycles of carbon and sulfur and their effect on atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 75, 97, 10.1016/0031-0182(89)90186-7 Bertolotto, 2003, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surficial coastal sediments of the Ligurian Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 907, 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00114-0 Bihari, 2006, PAH content, toxicity and genotoxicity of coastal marine sediments from the Rovinj area, Northern Adriatic, Croatia, Sci. Tot. Environ., 366, 602, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.001 Blott, 2001, GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 26, 1237, 10.1002/esp.261 Botsou, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments of the Hellenic coastal zone, eastern Mediterranean: levels, sources and toxicological significance, J. Soils Sediments, 12, 265, 10.1007/s11368-011-0453-1 Bouaziz, 2003, Néotectonique affectant les dépôts marins tyrrhéniens du littoral sud-est tunisien: implications pour les variations du niveau marin, C. R. Géosci., 335, 247, 10.1016/S1631-0713(03)00031-2 Bouloubassi, 1993, Investigation of anthropogenic and natural organic inputs in estuarine sediments using hydrocarbon markers (NAH, LAB, PAH), Oceanol. Acta, 16, 145 Bouloubassi, 2006, PAH transport by sinking particles in the open Mediterranean Sea: a 1year sediment trap study, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 560, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.003 Bourbonniere, 1996, Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 352, 10.4319/lo.1996.41.2.0352 Bouzid, 2012, Distribution and origin of aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of strategical areas of the western moroccan mediterranean sea, Open Environ. Pollut. Toxicol. J., 3, 13, 10.2174/1876397901203010013 Brändli, 2008, Critical evaluation of PAH source apportionment tools using data from the Swiss soil monitoring network, J. Environ. Monit., 10, 1278, 10.1039/b807319h Budzinski, 1997, Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary, Mar. Chem., 58, 85, 10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00028-5 Charles, 2012, Ecodynamics of PAHs at a peri-urban site of the French Mediterranean Sea, Environ. Pollut., 171, 256, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.034 Chen, 1998, Termites fumigate their nests with naphthalene, Nature, 392, 558, 10.1038/33305 Cincinelli, 2008, Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in the water column of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), J. Mar. Syst., 73, 208, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.10.010 Clark, 1997, 270 Commendatore, 2004, Natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Chubut River (Patagonia, Argentina), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 48, 910, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.11.015 Cripps, 1989, Problems in the identification of anthropogenic hydrocarbons against natural background levels in the Antartic, Antarct. Sci., 14, 307, 10.1017/S0954102089000465 Dachs, 2010, Organic pollutants in coastal waters, sediments, and biota: a relevant driver for ecosystems during the Anthropocene?, Estuar. Coasts, 33, 1, 10.1007/s12237-009-9255-8 De La Torre-Roche, 2009, Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region, J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 946, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089 DGPA, 2010, 144 D'Ortenzio, 2009, On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis, Biogeosciences, 6, 139, 10.5194/bg-6-139-2009 Eglinton, 1967, Leaf epicuticular waxes, Science, 156, 1322, 10.1126/science.156.3780.1322 El Deeb, 2007, Distribution and sources of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments, fish and bivalves of Abu Qir Bay (Egyptian Mediterranean Sea), Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 78, 373, 10.1007/s00128-007-9173-z El Nemr, 2007, The distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast, Environ. Monit. Assess., 124, 343, 10.1007/s10661-006-9231-8 El Nemr, 2013, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 4571, 10.1007/s10661-012-2889-1 Eljarrat, 2001, Toxic potency assessment of non- and mono-ortho PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFs, and PAHs in northwest Mediterranean sediments (Catalonia Spain), Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3589, 10.1021/es010041a Elloumi, 2008, Detection of water and sediments pollution of an arid saltern (Sfax, Tunisia) by coupling the distribution of microorganisms with hydrocarbons, Water Air Soil Pollut., 187, 157, 10.1007/s11270-007-9505-y Emerson, 1988, Processes controlling the organic carbon content of open ocean sediments, Paleoceanography, 3, 621, 10.1029/PA003i005p00621 Folk, 1957, Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters, J. Sediment. Petrol., 27, 3, 10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D Garrigues, 1995, Pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs in recent sediments: a definitive signature through phenanthrene and chysene compound distribution, Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 7, 275, 10.1080/10406639508009630 Ghannem, 2011, Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the coastal zone of “Sfax-Kerkennah” plateau, Tunisia, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, 30, 21 Gogou, 2000, Marine organic geochemistry of the eastern Mediterranean: 1. Aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Cretan Sea surficial sediments, Mar. Chem., 68, 265, 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00082-1 Gonul, 2012, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from the eastern Aegean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19, 31, 10.1007/s11356-011-0524-2 Grimalt, 1985, n-Alkane distributions in surface sediments from the Arabian Gulf, Naturwissenschaften, 72, 35, 10.1007/BF00405327 Guerra, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and trace metals in sediments from a coastal lagoon (northern Adriatic, Italy), Water Air Soil Pollut., 223, 85, 10.1007/s11270-011-0841-6 Guigue, 2011, Occurrence and distribution of hydrocarbons in the surface microlayer and subsurface water from the urban coastal marine area off Marseilles, northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 62, 2741, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.013 Harji, 2008, Sources of hydrocarbons in sediments of the Mandovi estuary and the Marmugoa harbour, west coast of India, Environ. Int., 34, 959, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.006 ten Haven, 1996, Applications and limitations of Mango's light hydrocarbon parameters in petroleum correlation studies, Org. Geochem., 24, 957, 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00091-5 Illou, 1999 Institut National de la Météorologie de Tunisie (INM), 2008, Données climatiques et statistiques annuelles des vents, Rapports Annuels, 1981–2004, 118 Jabeur, 2000, Typologie de la flottille de pêche côtière dans le golfe de Gabès (Tunisie), Aquat. Living Resour., 13, 421, 10.1016/S0990-7440(00)01069-X Jedoui, 1980, 190 Kanzari, 2012, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine, and organophosphorous pesticides in surface sediments from the Arc river and the Berre lagoon, France, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19, 559, 10.1007/s11356-011-0582-5 Kapsimalis, 2014, Organic contamination of surface sediments in the metropolitan coastal zone of Athens, Greece: sources, degree, and ecological risk, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 80, 312, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.051 Katlane, 2014, Recent dynamics of submerged shoals and channels aroud the Kerkennah archipelago (Tunisia) from LANDSAT TM and MODIS, 361 Katsoyiannis, 2014, Model-based evaluation of the use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons molecular diagnostic ratios as a source identification tool, Environ. Pollut., 184, 488, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.028 Katsoyiannis, 2007, On the use of PAH molecular diagnostic ratios in sewage sludge for the understanding of the PAH sources. Is this use appropriate?, Chemosphere, 69, 1337, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.084 Ke, 2004, Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments: comparison of two internal standard surrogate methods and quality-control procedures, Int. J. Environ. An. Ch., 84, 661, 10.1080/03067310410001684547 Kennish, 1992, 133 Kessabi, 2013, Possible chemical causes of skeletal deformities in natural populations of Aphanius fasciatus collected from the Tunisian coast, Chemosphere, 90, 2683, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.047 Khairy, 2009, Risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Mediterranean semi-enclosed basin affected by human activities (Abu Qir Bay, Egypt), J. Hazard. Mater., 170, 389, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.084 Kucuksezgin, 2012, Marine organic pollutants of the eastern Aegean: aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Candarli Gulf surficial sediments, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 64, 2569, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.019 Kucuksezgin, 2013, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Cilician Basin shelf sediments (NE Mediterranean), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 71, 330, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.026 La Rocca, 1996, PAHs content and mutagenicity of marine sediments from the Venice lagoon, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 33, 236, 10.1006/eesa.1996.0030 Leventhal, 1983, An interpretation of carbon and sulfur relationships in Black Sea sediments as indicators of environments of deposition, Geochim. Acta., 47, 133, 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90097-2 Li, 2006, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China, Environ. Pollut., 144, 985, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.047 Lipiatou, 1991, Fluxes and transport of anthropogenic and natural polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in the western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Chem., 32, 51, 10.1016/0304-4203(91)90025-R Lipiatou, 1991, Hydrocarbon contamination of the Rhone delta and western Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 22, 297, 10.1016/0025-326X(91)90808-6 Long, 1995, Incidence of adverse biological effects with ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments, Environ. Manag., 19, 81, 10.1007/BF02472006 Louati, 2003, 139 Louati, 2001, Hydrocarbon contamination of coastal sediments from the Sfax area (Tunisia), Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 445, 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00179-X Louiz, 2008, Monitoring of dioxin-like, estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities in sediments of the Bizerta lagoon (Tunisia) by means of in vitro cell-based bioassays: contribution of low concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sci. Total Environ., 402, 318, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.005 Magi, 2002, Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Adriatic Sea, Environ. Pollut., 119, 91, 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00321-9 Mandalakis, 2014, Distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorinated pollutants in deep-sea sediments of the southern Cretan margin, eastern Mediterranean Sea: a baseline assessment, Chemosphere, 106, 28, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.081 Martínez-Lladó, 2007, Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tributyltin (TBT) in Barcelona harbour sediments and their impact on benthic communities, Environ. Pollut., 149, 104, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.11.020 Mazurek, 1984, Characterization of biogenic and petroleum-derived organic matter in aerosols over remote rural and urban areas, 353 Meyers, 1994, Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter, Chem. Geol., 144, 289, 10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0 Mille, 2007, Hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Fos area, France), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 54, 566, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.009 Monoley, 1991, Modelling carbon and nitrogen flows in a microbial plankton community, 443 Muller, 1977, C/N ratios in Pacific deep-sea sediments: effects of inorganic ammonium and organic nitrogen compounds sorbed by clays, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 41, 765, 10.1016/0016-7037(77)90047-3 Muller, 1979, Productivity, sedimentation rate and sedimentary carbon content in the oceans, 1-organic carbon preservation, Deep-Sea Res., 26A, 1347, 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90003-7 Mzoughi, 2011, Distribution and partitioning of aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment in harbours of the West coastal of the Gulf of Tunis (Tunisia), J. Environ. Monit., 13, 689, 10.1039/c0em00616e Neff, 1979, 262 Neşer, 2012, Polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons pollution at the coast of Aliağa (Turkey) ship recycling zone, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 64, 1055, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.02.019 Notar, 2001, Composition, distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 36, 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00092-8 Papadopoulou, 2002, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and Lumistox (R) solvent extract toxicity of marine sediments in the north Aegean Sea, Greece, Environ. Toxicol., 17, 556, 10.1002/tox.10089 Parinos, 2013, Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 10, 6069, 10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013 Pavoni, 2003, Environmental pollutants and organic carbon content in sediments from an area of the Moroccan Mediterranean coast, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 84, 53, 10.1080/02772240309815 Peters, 2005 Prahl, 1983, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-phase associations in Washington coastal sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1013, 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90231-4 Readman, 2002, Petroleum and PAH contamination of the Black Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 48, 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00189-8 Rieley, 1991, The biogeochemistry of Ellesmere Lake, UK-I: source correlation of leaf wax inputs to the sedimentary lipid record, Org. Geochem., 17, 901, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90031-E Roose, 2005, Monitoring organic microcontaminants in the marine environment: principles, programmes and progress, Trends Anal. Chem., 24, 897, 10.1016/j.trac.2005.10.007 Sammari, 2006, Sea level variability and tidal resonance in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 338, 10.1016/j.csr.2005.11.006 Serbaji, 2000, 227 Simoneit, 1982, Organic matter of the troposphere–II.* Natural background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the rural western United States, Atmos. Environ., 16, 2139, 10.1016/0004-6981(82)90284-0 Simpson, 1996, Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor, Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 181, 265, 10.1016/0048-9697(95)05026-4 Soclo, 2000, Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 40, 387, 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00200-3 Schlitzer, 2014 Sprovieri, 2007, Heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Naples harbor (southern Italy), Chemosphere, 67, 998, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.055 The MerMex Group, 2011, Marine ecosystems responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 97, 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003 Tobiszewski, 2012, PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources, Environ. Pollut., 162, 110, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.025 Tolosa, 1996, Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur/oxygen derivatives in northwestern Mediterranean sediments: spatial and temporalvariability, fluxes, and budgets, Environ. Sci. Technol., 30, 2495, 10.1021/es950647x Tolun, 2006, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal sediments of the Izmit Bay (Marmara Sea): case studies before and after the Izmit Earthquake, Environ. Int., 32, 758, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.03.014 Trabelsi, 2005, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in superficial coastal sediments from Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50, 344, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.031 Troupin, 2012, Generation of analysis and consistent error fields using the data interpolating variational analysis (Diva), Ocean Model, 52–53, 90, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.05.002 Tsapakis, 2010, PAHs and n-alkanes in Mediterranean coastal marine sediments: aquaculture as a significant point source, J. Environ. Monit., 12, 958, 10.1039/b922712a UNEP/IOC/IAEA, 1992, 75 Venturini, 2004, Characterization of the benthic environment of a coastal area adjacent to an oil refinery, Todos os Santos Bay (NE-Brazil), Braz. J. Oceanogr., 52, 39, 10.1590/S1679-87592004000200004 Viguri, 2002, Environmental assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of the Santander Bay. Northern Spain, Chemosphere, 48, 157, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00105-4 Volkman, 1992, Identification of natural anthropogenic and petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic sediments, Sci. Total Environ., 112, 203, 10.1016/0048-9697(92)90188-X Wang, 1997, Using systematic and comparative analytical data to identify the source of an unknown oil on contaminated birds, J. Chromatogr. A, 775, 251, 10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00298-7 Wang, 1999, Oil spill identification, J. Chromatogr. A, 843, 369, 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00120-X Wilcke, 2002, Carbon isotope signature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): evidence for different sources in tropical and temperate environments?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3530, 10.1021/es020032h Wurl, 2004, A review of pollutants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML): a unique habitat for marine organisms, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 48, 1016, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.016 Xia, 2008, Effect of sediment particle size on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation: importance of the sediment-water interface, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27, 119, 10.1897/06-643.1 Yu, 2016, Distribution and sources of n-alkanes in surface sediments of Taihu Lake, China, Archives of Environmental Protection, 42, 49, 10.1515/aep-2016-0006 Yunker, 2002, PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Org. Geochem., 33, 489, 10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00002-5 Zaghden, 2005, Hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Sfax coastal zone, (Tunisia) Mediterrranean Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 50, 1287, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.045 Zaghden, 2007, Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Sfax, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea, Mar. Chem., 105, 70, 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.12.016 Zaghden, 2014, Evaluation of hydrocarbon pollution in marine sediments of Sfax coastal areas from the Gabes Gulf of Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea, Environ. Earth. Sci. DOI, 10.1007/s12665-013-3023-6 Zhang, 2008, Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall, Environ. Pollut., 153, 594, 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.004 Zrafi, 2013, Aliphatic and aromatic biomarkers for petroleum hydrocarbon investigation in marine sediment, J. Pet. Sci. Res., 2, 145 Zrafi-Nouira, 2010, Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons around a petroleum refinery rejection area in Jarzouna-Bizerte (coastal Tunisia), Soil Sediment Contam. Int. J., 19, 292, 10.1080/15320381003695223