Organic—inorganic hybrid solar cells: A comparative review
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Green, 2012, Solar cell efficiency tables (version 39), Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20, 12, 10.1002/pip.2163
Espinosa, 2012, Solar cells with one-day energy payback for the factories of the future, Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 5117, 10.1039/C1EE02728J
Brabec, 2004, Organic photovoltaics: technology and market, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 83, 273, 10.1016/j.solmat.2004.02.030
Saunders, 2008, Nanoparticle-polymer photovoltaic cells, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 138, 1, 10.1016/j.cis.2007.09.001
Jackson, 2011, New world record efficiency for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells beyond 20%, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 19, 894, 10.1002/pip.1078
Frederik C, 2009, Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 394, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.10.004
Larsen-Olsen, 2012, Simultaneous multilayer formation of the polymer solar cell stack using roll-to-roll double slot-die coating from water, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 97, 22, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.026
Zhokhavets, 2006, Relation between absorption and crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene films for plastic solar cells, Chemical Physics Letters, 418, 347, 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.020
Chen, 2009, Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency, Nature Photonics, 3, 649, 10.1038/nphoton.2009.192
Peet, 2007, Efficiency enhancement in low-Bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols, Nature Materials, 6, 497, 10.1038/nmat1928
Service, 2011, Outlook brightens for plastic solar cells, Science, 332, 293, 10.1126/science.332.6027.293
see 2012 press release, 〈www.heliatek.com〉
Krebs, 2009, A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printing—First public demonstration, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 422, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.001
Krebs, 2010, Manufacture, integration and demonstration of polymer solar cells in a lamp for the Lighting Africa initiative, Energy & Environmental Science, 3, 512, 10.1039/b918441d
Zhou, 2010, Bulk-heterojunction hybrid solar cells based on colloidal nanocrystals and conjugated polymers, Energy & Environmental Science, 3, 1851, 10.1039/c0ee00143k
Xu, 2011, Conjugated polymer–inorganic semiconductor hybrid solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 2700, 10.1039/c0ee00632g
Ren, 2011, Inorganic–Organic hybrid solar cell: bridging quantum dots to conjugated polymer nanowires, Nano Letters, 11, 3998, 10.1021/nl202435t
Zhou, 2011, Efficiency enhancement for bulk-heterojunction hybrid solar cells based on acid treated CdSe quantum dots and low Bandgap polymer PCPDTBT, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 1232, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.12.041
Celik, 2012, Performance enhancement of CdSe nanorod-polymer based hybrid solar cells utilizing a novel combination of post-synthetic nanoparticle surface treatments, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 98, 433, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.11.049
Dayal, 2009, Photovoltaic devices with a low band Gap polymer and CdSe nanostructures exceeding 3% efficiency, Nano Letters, 10, 239, 10.1021/nl903406s
Nicolaidis, 2011, Fullerene contribution to photocurrent generation in organic photovoltaic cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 7801, 10.1021/jp2007683
Takagahara, 1992, Theory of the quantum confinement effect on excitons in quantum dots of indirect-gap materials, Physical Review B, 46, 15578, 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.15578
Guchhait, 2011, To make polymer: quantum dot hybrid solar cells NIR-active by increasing diameter of PbSnanoparticles, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 651, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.09.034
Huang, 2010, Multiple exciton dissociation in CdSe quantum dots by ultrafast electron transfer to adsorbed methylene blue, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 4858, 10.1021/ja100106z
Gonzalez-Valls, 2009, Vertically-aligned nanostructures of ZnO for excitonic solar cells: a review, Energy & Environmental Science, 2, 19, 10.1039/B811536B
Martínez-Ferrero, 2010, Materials, nanomorphology, and interfacial charge transfer reactions in quantum dot/polymer solar cell devices, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 1, 3039, 10.1021/jz101228z
Brian R, 2012, Hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells: preparation, principles and challenges, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 369, 1, 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.016
Cai, 2010, Polymer solar cells: recent development and possible routes for improvement in the performance, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94, 114, 10.1016/j.solmat.2009.10.005
Garcia-Belmonte, 2008, Charge carrier mobility and lifetime of organic bulk heterojunctions analyzed by impedance spectroscopy, Organic Electronics, 9, 847, 10.1016/j.orgel.2008.06.007
Brabec, 2010, Polymer–Fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells, Advanced Materials, 22, 3839, 10.1002/adma.200903697
Sariciftci, 1992, Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to Buckminsterfullerene, Science, 258, 1474, 10.1126/science.258.5087.1474
Park, 2009, Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100%, Nature Photonics, 3, 297, 10.1038/nphoton.2009.69
Yu, 1995, Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor–acceptor heterojunctions, Science, 270, 1789, 10.1126/science.270.5243.1789
Bundgaard, 2007, Low band gap polymers for organic photovoltaics, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 91, 954, 10.1016/j.solmat.2007.01.015
Bundgaard, 2007, Bulk heterojunctions based on a low band gap copolymer of thiophene and benzothiadiazole, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 91, 1631, 10.1016/j.solmat.2007.05.013
Hou, 2009, Poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-2,1,3- benzoselenadiazole-4,7-diyl], a new low band gap polymer in polymer solar cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 1601, 10.1021/jp808255b
Hou, 2008, Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of a low band gap polymer based on silole-containing polythiophenes and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130, 16144, 10.1021/ja806687u
Hou, 2009, Synthesis of a low band gap polymer and its application in highly efficient polymer solar cells, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 15586, 10.1021/ja9064975
Gregg, 2003, Comparing organic to inorganic photovoltaic cells: theory, experiment, and simulation, Journal of Applied Physics, 93, 3605, 10.1063/1.1544413
Mihailetchi, 2006, Charge Transport and photocurrent generation in poly(3-hexylthiophene): methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 16, 699, 10.1002/adfm.200500420
Yip, 2012, Recent advances in solution-processed interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 5994, 10.1039/c2ee02806a
Zuo, 2011, Enhancement of short current density in polymer solar cells with phthalocyanine tin (IV) dichloride as interfacial layer, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 2664, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.05.038
Potscavage, 2009, Critical interfaces in organic solar cells and their influence on the open-circuit voltage, Accounts of Chemical Research, 42, 1758, 10.1021/ar900139v
Zhao, 1999, 24·5% efficiency silicon PERT cells on MCZ substrates and 24·7% efficiency PERL cells on FZ substrates, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 7, 471, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199911/12)7:6<471::AID-PIP298>3.0.CO;2-7
Gupta, 2010, Fill factor in organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94, 1309, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.06.001
Jørgensen, 2008, Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 92, 686, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.01.005
Tanenbaum, 2012, Edge sealing for low cost stability enhancement of roll-to-roll processed flexible polymer solar cell modules, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 97, 157, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.064
Brabec, 2001, Origin of the open circuit voltage of plastic solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 11, 374, 10.1002/1616-3028(200110)11:5<374::AID-ADFM374>3.0.CO;2-W
Scharber, 2006, Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells—towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency, Advanced Materials, 18, 789, 10.1002/adma.200501717
Vandewal, 2008, The relation between open-circuit voltage and the onset of photocurrent generation by charge-transfer absorption in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 18, 2064, 10.1002/adfm.200800056
Shockley, 1961, Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p–n junction solar cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 32, 510, 10.1063/1.1736034
Vandewal, 2009, On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells, Nature Materials, 8, 904, 10.1038/nmat2548
Yamanari, 2009, Origin of the open-circuit voltage of organic thin-film solar cells based on conjugated polymers, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 759, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.09.022
Ishwara, 2008, Influence of polymer ionization potential on the open-circuit voltage of hybrid polymer/TiO2 solar cells, Applied Physics Letters, 92, 053308, 10.1063/1.2840608
Brandenburg, 2011, Influence of particle size in hybrid solar cells composed of CdSe nanocrystals and poly(3-hexylthiophene), Journal of Applied Physics, 110, 10.1063/1.3633229
Shaheen, 2001, 2.5% efficient organic plastic solar cells, Applied Physics Letters, 78, 841, 10.1063/1.1345834
Dennler, 2009, Polymer–Fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells, Advanced Materials, 21, 1323, 10.1002/adma.200801283
Yang, 2005, Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells, Nano Letters, 5, 579, 10.1021/nl048120i
Dang, 2011, Polymeric solar cells based on P3HT:PCBM: role of the casting solvent, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 3408, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.039
Chang, 2011, Effect of trace solvent on the morphology of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 21, 1779, 10.1002/adfm.201002372
Chirvase, 2004, Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer–fullerene composites, Nanotechnology, 15, 1317, 10.1088/0957-4484/15/9/035
Baek, 2009, Effect of P3HT:PCBM concentration in solvent on performances of organic solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 1263, 10.1016/j.solmat.2009.01.019
Morfa, 2008, van de Lagemaat, Plasmon-enhanced solar energy conversion in organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters, 92, 013503
Atwater, 2010, Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices, Nature Materials, 9, 205, 10.1038/nmat2629
Yang, 2012, Plasmon enhanced light absorption in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, physica status solidi (RRL)—Rapid Research Letters, 6, 199, 10.1002/pssr.201206099
Ma, 2005, Efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology, Advanced Functional Materials, 15, 1617, 10.1002/adfm.200500211
Kim, 2007, Roles of donor and acceptor nanodomains in 6% efficient thermally annealed polymer photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters, 90, 163511, 10.1063/1.2730756
Li, 2005, High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends, Nature Materials, 4, 864, 10.1038/nmat1500
Chen, 2010, Morphological study of P3HT:PCBM blend films prepared through solvent annealing for solar cell applications, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94, 2426, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.09.004
He, 2011, Simultaneous enhancement of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density, and fill factor in polymer solar cells, Advanced Materials, 23, 4636, 10.1002/adma.201103006
Liang, 2010, For the bright future—bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 7.4%, Advanced Materials, 22, E135, 10.1002/adma.200903528
Helgesen, 2010, Advanced materials and processes for polymer solar cell devices, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20, 10.1039/B913168J
Borchert, 2010, Elementary processes and limiting factors in hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 3, 1682, 10.1039/c0ee00181c
Liu, 2010, Optimization of Si NC/P3HT hybrid solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 2157, 10.1002/adfm.200902471
Alivisatos, 1996, Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, Science, 271, 933, 10.1126/science.271.5251.933
Xiang, 2009, Identifying optimal inorganic nanomaterials for hybrid solar cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 18968, 10.1021/jp907942p
Chen, 2011, Enhanced performance and air stability of 3.2% hybrid solar cells: how the functional polymer and CdTe nanostructure boost the solar cell efficiency, Advanced Materials, 23, 5451, 10.1002/adma.201102775
Krishnamoorthy, 2011, A first report on the fabrication of vertically aligned anatase TiO2 nanowires by electrospinning: preferred architecture for nanostructured solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 10.1039/c1ee01315g
Oosterhout, 2009, The effect of three-dimensional morphology on the efficiency of hybrid polymer solar cells, Nature Materials, 8, 818, 10.1038/nmat2533
Bredol, 2009, P3HT/ZnS: a new hybrid bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system with very high open circuit voltage, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 662, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.015
Kuo, 2011, Annealing treatment improves the morphology and performance of photovoltaic devices prepared from thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based donor/acceptor conjugated polymers and CdSe nanostructures, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 2316, 10.1039/c1ee01283e
Spadafora, 2010, Imaging the carrier photogeneration in nanoscale phase segregated organic heterojunctions by kelvin probe force microscopy, Nano Letters, 10, 3337, 10.1021/nl101001d
Koppe, 2010, Near IR sensitization of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells: towards optimization of the spectral response of organic solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 338, 10.1002/adfm.200901473
Kim, 2007, Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing, Science, 317, 222, 10.1126/science.1141711
Jasieniak, 2011, Size-dependent valence and conduction band-edge energies of semiconductor nanocrystals, ACS Nano, 5, 5888, 10.1021/nn201681s
He, 2011, Highly efficient Si-nanorods/organic hybrid core-sheath heterojunction solar cells, Applied Physics Letters, 99, 021104, 10.1063/1.3610461
Liu, 2008, Hybrid solar cells from P3HT and silicon nanocrystals, Nano Letters, 9, 449, 10.1021/nl8034338
Kuo, 2008, Ordered bulk heterojunction solar cells with vertically aligned TiO2 nanorods embedded in a conjugated polymer, Applied Physics Letters, 93, 033303, 10.1063/1.2937472
Chen, 2012, Ordered microstructure induced by orientation behavior of liquid-crystal polythiophene for performance improvement of hybrid solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 96, 266, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.10.009
Mikhailova, 1994, Type II heterojunctions in the GaInAsSb/GaSb system, Semiconductor Science and Technology, 9, 1279, 10.1088/0268-1242/9/7/001
Dowland, 2011, Direct growth of metal sulfide nanoparticle networks in solid-state polymer films for hybrid inorganic–organic solar cells, Advanced Materials, 23, 2739, 10.1002/adma.201100625
Kwak, 2009, Template-free liquid-phase synthesis of high-density CdS nanowire arrays on conductive glass, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 1615, 10.1021/jp809365z
Wang, 2007, Enhancement of photovoltaic characteristics using a suitable solvent in hybrid polymer/multiarmed CdS nanorods solar cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 111, 9538, 10.1021/jp0715777
Zhong, 2012, Improving the performance of CdS/P3HT hybrid inverted solar cells by interfacial modification, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 96, 160, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.09.041
Leventis, 2010, Nanostructured hybrid polymer–inorganic solar cell active layers formed by controllable in Situ growth of semiconducting sulfide networks, Nano Letters, 10, 1253, 10.1021/nl903787j
Jeltsch, 2012, Efficiency enhanced hybrid solar cells using a blend of quantum dots and nanorods, Advanced Functional Materials, 22, 397, 10.1002/adfm.201101809
Zhou, 2012, Solution-processed, nanostructured hybrid solar cells with broad spectral sensitivity and stability, Nanoscale, 4, 3507, 10.1039/c2nr30210a
Zhou, 2011, Efficient polymer nanocrystal hybrid solar cells by improved nanocrystal composition, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 3227, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.015
Sun, 2006, Improved efficiency of photovoltaics based on CdSe nanorods and poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofibers, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 8, 3557, 10.1039/b604734n
Wu, 2010, Performance enhancement of hybrid solar cells through chemical vapor annealing, Nano Letters, 10, 1628, 10.1021/nl904095n
Wang, 2006, Photoinduced charge transfer and efficient solar energy conversion in a blend of a red polyfluorene copolymer with CdSe nanoparticles, Nano Letters, 6, 1789, 10.1021/nl061085q
Sun, 2005, Vertically segregated hybrid blends for photovoltaic devices with improved efficiency, Journal of Applied Physics, 97, 014914, 10.1063/1.1804613
Gur, 2006, Hybrid solar cells with prescribed nanoscale morphologies based on hyperbranched semiconductor nanocrystals, Nano Letters, 7, 409, 10.1021/nl062660t
Zhou, 2010, Improved efficiency of hybrid solar cells based on non-ligand-exchanged CdSe quantum dots and poly(3-hexylthiophene), Applied Physics Letters, 96, 10.1063/1.3280370
Radychev, 2011, Physical origin of the impact of different nanocrystal surface modifications on the performance of CdSe/P3HT hybrid solar cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 14111, 10.1021/jp2040604
Greaney, 2012, Improving open circuit potential in hybrid P3HT:CdSe bulk heterojunction solar cells via colloidal tert-butylthiol ligand exchange, ACS Nano, 6, 4222, 10.1021/nn3007509
Yang, 2011, Effects of nanocrystal size and device aging on performance of hybrid poly(3-hexylthiophene):CdSe nanocrystal solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 476, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.09.005
Olson, 2009, Optimizing hybrid photovoltaics through annealing and ligand choice, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 519, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.11.022
Lek, 2011, Understanding the effect of surface chemistry on charge generation and transport in poly (3-hexylthiophene)/CdSe hybrid solar cells, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3, 287, 10.1021/am100938f
Yu, 2011, Efficient polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells fabricated from aqueous materials, Energy & Environmental Science, 112, 2831, 10.1039/c1ee01485d
Kang, 2005, Hybrid solar cells with vertically aligned CdTe nanorods and a conjugated polymer, Applied Physics Letters, 86, 113101, 10.1063/1.1883319
Fan, 2011, Aqueous-solution-processed hybrid solar cells from Poly(1,4-naphthalenevinylene) and CdTe nanocrystals, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 3, 2919, 10.1021/am200616j
Yu, 2011, Preparation and characterization of P3HT:CuInSe2:TiO2 thin film for hybrid solar cell applications, Thin Solid Films, 520, 1503, 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.08.001
Chen, 2012, Flexible photovoltaic cells based on a graphene-CdSe quantum dot nanocomposite, Nanoscale, 4, 441, 10.1039/C2NR11656A
A.R.W. Andrew, B. David, H.W. Jamie, A.T. Elizabeth, L.T. Eric, R.-D. Halina, M. Paul, Lead sulfide nanocrystal: conducting polymer solar cells, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 38 (2005) 2006.
Günes, 2007, Hybrid solar cells using PbS nanoparticles, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 91, 420, 10.1016/j.solmat.2006.10.016
Syu, 2012, Silicon nanowire/organic hybrid solar cell with efficiency of 8.40%, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 98, 267, 10.1016/j.solmat.2011.11.003
Shiu, 2010, Morphology dependence of silicon nanowire/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) heterojunction solar cells, Chemistry of Materials, 22, 3108, 10.1021/cm100086x
Tsai, 2011, Significant efficiency enhancement of hybrid solar cells using core–shell nanowire geometry for energy harvesting, ACS Nano, 5, 9501, 10.1021/nn202485m
Huang, 2009, Well-aligned single-crystalline silicon nanowire hybrid solar cells on glass, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 621, 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.016
Abrusci, 2011, Facile infiltration of semiconducting polymer into mesoporous electrodes for hybrid solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 3051, 10.1039/c1ee01135a
Lin, 2009, Interfacial nanostructuring on the performance of polymer/TiO2 nanorod bulk heterojunction solar cells, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131, 3644, 10.1021/ja8079143
Wu, 2008, Nanoscale morphology and performance of molecular-weight-dependent poly(3-hexylthiophene)/TiO2 nanorod hybrid solar cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18, 4097, 10.1039/b803484b
Lee, 2011, Fabrication of highly ordered and vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays for ordered heterojunction polymer/inorganic hybrid solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 3152, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.05.037
Beek, 2005, Hybrid zinc oxide conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, 9505, 10.1021/jp050745x
Tan, 2011, Performance improvement of conjugated polymer and ZnO hybrid solar cells using nickel oxide as anode buffer layer, physica status solidi (a), 208, 2865, 10.1002/pssa.201127227
Briseno, 2009, Oligo- and polythiophene/ZnO hybrid nanowire solar cells, Nano Letters, 10, 334, 10.1021/nl9036752
Kucur, 2003, Determination of quantum confinement in CdSe nanocrystals by cyclic voltammetry, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 119, 2333, 10.1063/1.1582834
Herrmann, 2011, Role of structural order and excess energy on ultrafast free charge generation in hybrid polythiophene/Si photovoltaics probed in real time by near-infrared broadband transient absorption, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133, 18220, 10.1021/ja207887q
Derr, 2009, Quantum confinement regime in silicon nanocrystals, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 41, 668, 10.1016/j.physe.2008.11.008
van Buuren, 1998, Changes in the electronic properties of Si nanocrystals as a function of particle size, Physical Review Letters, 80, 3803, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3803
Lira-Cantu, 2011, Oxide/polymer interfaces for hybrid and organic solar cells: anatase vs, Rutile TiO2, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 1362, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.12.028
Huang, 2011, Applications of ZnO in organic and hybrid solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 3861, 10.1039/c1ee01873f
Weickert, 2011, Nanostructured organic and hybrid solar cells, Advanced Materials, 23, 1810, 10.1002/adma.201003991
O'Regan, 1991, A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitised colloidal TiO2 films, Nature, 353, 737, 10.1038/353737a0
Jih-Jen, 2008, Performance and electron transport properties of TiO2 nanocomposite dye-sensitized solar cells, Nanotechnology, 19, 105702, 10.1088/0957-4484/19/10/105702
Yum, 2008, Recent developments in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, ChemSusChem, 1, 699, 10.1002/cssc.200800084
Grätzel, 2005, Dye-sensitized solid-state heterojunction solar cells, MRS Bulletin, 30, 10.1557/mrs2005.4
N. Tetreault, M. Gratzel, Novel nanostructures for next generation dye-sensitized solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, (2012). 10.1039/C2EE03242B
Mor, 2007, High efficiency double heterojunction polymer photovoltaic cells using highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays, Applied Physics Letters, 91, 152111, 10.1063/1.2799257
Foong, 2012, Structure and properties of nano-confined poly(3-hexylthiophene) in nano-array/polymer hybrid ordered-bulk heterojunction solar cells, Nanoscale, 4, 478, 10.1039/C1NR10858A
Shao, 2011, Enhanced stability of zinc oxide-based hybrid polymer solar cells by manipulating ultraviolet light distribution in the active layer, Applied Physics Letters, 98, 10.1063/1.3593020
Kroon, 2008, Small Bandgap polymers for organic solar cells (polymer material development in the last 5 years), Polymer Reviews, 48, 531, 10.1080/15583720802231833
Martin A, 2002, Third generation photovoltaics: solar cells for 2020 and beyond, Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 14, 65, 10.1016/S1386-9477(02)00361-2
McDonald, 2005, Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics, Nature Materials, 4, 138, 10.1038/nmat1299
Arthur J, 2008, Multiple exciton generation in semiconductor quantum dots, Chemical Physics Letters, 457, 3, 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.03.094
Ellingson, 2005, Highly efficient multiple exciton generation in colloidal PbSe and PbS quantum dots, Nano Letters, 5, 865, 10.1021/nl0502672
Beard, 2007, Multiple exciton generation in colloidal silicon nanocrystals, Nano Letters, 7, 2506, 10.1021/nl071486l
Semonin, 2011, Peak external photocurrent quantum efficiency exceeding 100% via MEG in a quantum dot solar cell, Science, 334, 1530, 10.1126/science.1209845
Yu, 2003, Formation and stability of size-, shape-, and structure-controlled CdTe nanocrystals: ligand effects on monomers and nanocrystals, Chemistry of Materials, 15, 4300, 10.1021/cm034729t
Goh, 2007, Effects of molecular interface modification in hybrid organic–inorganic photovoltaic cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 101, 114503, 10.1063/1.2737977
Lokteva, 2010, Surface treatment of CdSe nanoparticles for application in hybrid solar cells: the effect of multiple ligand exchange with pyridine, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114, 12784, 10.1021/jp103300v
Huynh, 2003, Controlling the morphology of nanocrystal–polymer composites for solar cells, Advanced Functional Materials, 13, 73, 10.1002/adfm.200390009
Reynolds, 2012, Charge photogeneration in hybrid solar cells: a comparison between quantum dots and in situ grown CdS, Nanoscale, 4, 1561, 10.1039/c2nr12081j
McNeill, 2012, Morphology of all-polymer solar cells, Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 5653, 10.1039/c2ee03071c
Hoppe, 2006, Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16, 45, 10.1039/B510618B
Sirringhaus, 1999, Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers, Nature, 401, 685, 10.1038/44359
Schilinsky, 2005, Influence of the molecular weight of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on the performance of bulk heterojunction solar cells, Chemistry of Materials, 17, 2175, 10.1021/cm047811c
Ryu, 2010, Effects of thermal annealing of polymer:fullerene photovoltaic solar cells for high efficiency, Current Applied Physics, 10, S206, 10.1016/j.cap.2009.11.070
Clarke, 2009, Transient absorption studies of bimolecular recombination dynamics in polythiophene/fullerene blend films, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 20934, 10.1021/jp909442s
Howard, 2010, Optical probes of charge generation and recombination in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 211, 2063, 10.1002/macp.201000353
Douhéret, 2007, High-resolution morphological and electrical characterisation of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells by scanning probe microscopy, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 15, 713, 10.1002/pip.795
Dante, 2008, Nanoscale charge transport and internal structure of bulk heterojunction conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells by scanning probe microscopy, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112, 7241, 10.1021/jp712086q
Bavel, 2008, Three-dimensional nanoscale organization of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, Nano Letters, 9, 507, 10.1021/nl8014022
Hoppe, 2005, Microscopy study on conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, Nano Letters, 5, 269, 10.1021/nl048176c
Pingree, 2009, Electrical scanning probe microscopy on active organic electronic devices, Advanced Materials, 21, 19, 10.1002/adma.200801466
Palermo, 2006, Electronic characterization of organic thin films by kelvin probe force microscopy, Advanced Materials, 18, 145, 10.1002/adma.200501394
Saint Jean, 1997, Charge dynamics and time evolution of contact potential studied by atomic force microscopy, Physical Review B, 56, 15391, 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.15391
Azzopardi, 2011, Economic assessment of solar electricity production from organic-based photovoltaic modules in a domestic environment, Energy & Environmental Science, 4, 3741, 10.1039/c1ee01766g
Krebs, 2010, Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing, Nanoscale, 2, 873, 10.1039/b9nr00430k
Krebs, 2009, A roll-to-roll process to flexible polymer solar cells: model studies, manufacture and operational stability studies, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19, 5442, 10.1039/b823001c
Dunford, 1997, Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients, FEBS Letters, 418, 87, 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01356-2
Reijnders, 2012, Human health hazards of persistent inorganic and carbon nanoparticles, Journal of Materials Science, 47, 5061, 10.1007/s10853-012-6288-3
Sondergaard, 2012, Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells, Materials Today, 15, 36, 10.1016/S1369-7021(12)70019-6
Dong, 2012, All-water-solution processed solar cells based on PPV and TiO2 nanocrystals, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 104, 75, 10.1016/j.solmat.2012.04.024
Fthenakis, 2009, Sustainability of photovoltaics: the case for thin-film solar cells, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 2746, 10.1016/j.rser.2009.05.001
Wolden, 2011, Photovoltaic manufacturing: present status, future prospects, and research needs, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, 29, 030801, 10.1116/1.3569757
〈http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2012/mcs2012.pdf〉
Krebs, 2009, Roll-to-roll fabrication of monolithic large-area polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, 1636, 10.1016/j.solmat.2009.04.020
Krebs, 2009, All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps, Organic Electronics, 10, 761, 10.1016/j.orgel.2009.03.009
Jørgensen, 2012, Stability of polymer solar cells, Advanced Materials, 24, 580, 10.1002/adma.201104187
Yang, 2004, Morphology and thermal stability of the active layer in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/methanofullerene plastic photovoltaic devices, Macromolecules, 37, 2151, 10.1021/ma035620+
Yang, 2012, Hybrid polymer:colloidal nanoparticle photovoltaic cells incorporating a solution-processed, multi-functioned ZnO nanocrystal layer, Journal of Applied Physics, 111, 044323, 10.1063/1.3689154
Voigt, 2012, Gravure printing inverted organic solar cells: the influence of ink properties on film quality and device performance, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 105, 77, 10.1016/j.solmat.2012.04.025
Wengeler, 2011, Investigations on knife and slot die coating and processing of polymer nanoparticle films for hybrid polymer solar cells, Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 50, 478, 10.1016/j.cep.2010.11.002
García-Valverde, 2010, Life cycle analysis of organic photovoltaic technologies, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 18, 535, 10.1002/pip.967
Espinosa, 2011, A life cycle analysis of polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods under ambient conditions, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 95, 1293, 10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.020