Oral contraceptive steroids —pharmacological issues of interest to the prescribing physician

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Crawford, F.E., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Rowe, P.H. and Watts, M. (1979). An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol in women using radioimmunoassay.Contraception,20, 263–273

Back, D.J., Bates, M., Breckenridge, A.M., Hall, J.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Park, B.K. and Rowe, P.H. (1981). The pharmacokinetics of levonogrestrel and ethinylestradiol in woman-studies with Ovran and Ovranette.Contraception,23, 229–239

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Crawford, F.E., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Rowe, P.H. and Smith, E. (1978). The pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in women (1). Radioimmunoassay and concentrations during multiple dosing.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.,24, 439–446

Back, D.J., Grimmer, S.F.M., Shenoy, N. and Orme, M.L.'E. (1987). Plasma concentrations of 3-keto desogestrel after oral administration of desogestrel and intravenous administration of 3-keto desogestrel.Contraception,35, 619–626

Back, D.J., Bates, M., Breckenridge, A.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E. and Rowe, P.H. (1981) Thein vitro metabolism of ethinyloestradiol, mestranol and levonorgestrel by human jejunal mucosa.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,11, 275–278

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Purba, H.S., Rowe, P.H. and Taylor, I. (1982). The gut wall metabolism of ethinyloestradiol and its contribution to the presystemic metabolism of ethinyloestradiol in humans.Br. J. Clin Pharmacol.,13, 325–330

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Purba, H. and Rowe, P.H. (1981). The interaction of ethinyloestradiol with ascorbic acid in man.Br. Med. J.,282, 1516

Rogers, S.M., Back, D.J., Stevenson, P.J., Grimmer, S.F.M. and Orme, M.L.'E. (1987). Paracetamol interaction with oral contraceptive steroids: increased plasma concentrations of ethinyloestradiol.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,23, 721–726

Grimmer, S.F.M., Back, D.J., Orme, M.L.'E., Tija, J., Gilmore, I.T. and Ellis, A. (1986).In vitro conjugation of ethinyloestradiol by coeliac mucosa and its bioavailability in coeliac patients.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,22, 217P-218P

Grimmer, S.F.M., Back, D.J., Orme, M.L.'E., Cowie, A., Gilmore, I.T. and Tija, J. (1986). The bioavailability of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in patients with ileostomy.Contraception,33, 51–59

Stead, R.J., Grimmer, S.F.M., Back, D.J., Orme, M.L.'E., Hodson, M.E. and Batten, J.C. (1987). The pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in patients with cystic fibrosis.Thorax,42, 59–64

Park, B.K. and Breckenridge, A.M. (1981). Clinical implications of enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition.Clin. Pharmacokin.,6, 1–24

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Crawford, F.E., Hall, S.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E. Rowe, P.H., Smith, E. and Watts, M.J. (1980). The effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol in women.Contraception,21, 135–143

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Crawford, F.E., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Park, B.K., Rowe, P.H. and Smith, E. (1979). The effect of rifampicin on norethisterone pharmacokinetics.Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,15, 193–197

Okey, A.B. (1990). Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P450 system.Pharmacol. Ther.,45, 241–248

Coulam, C.B. and Annegers, J.F. (1979). Do anticonvulsants reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives?Epilepsia,20, 519–526

Back, D.J., Grimmer, S.F.M., Orme, M.L.'E., Proudlove, C., Mann, R.D. and Breckenridge, A.M. (1988). Evaluation of Committee on Safety of Medicines Yellow Card Reports on oral contraceptive drug interactions.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,25, 527–532

Back, D.J., Bates, M., Bowden, A., Breckenridge, A.M., Hall, M.J., Jones, H., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Perucca, E., Richens, A., Rowe, P.H. and Smith, E. (1980). The interaction of phenobarbital and other anticonvulsants with oral contraceptive steroid therapy.Contraception,22, 495–503

Crawford, P., Chadwick, D., Martin, C., Tija, J., Back, D.J. and Orme, M. (1990). The interaction of phenytoin and carbamazepine with oral contraceptive steroids.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,30, 892–896

Crawford, P., Chadwick, D., Cleland, P., Tija, J., Cowie, A., Back, D.J. and Orme, M.L.'E. (1986). The lack of effect of sodium valproate on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptive steroids.Contraception,33, 23–29

Dossetor, J. (1975). Drug interactions with oral contraceptives.Br. Med. J.,4, 467–468

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Challiner, M., Crawford, F.E., Orme, M.L.'E., Rowe, P.H. and Smith, E. (1978). The effect of antibiotics on the enterohepatic circulation of ethinylestradiol and norethisterone in the rat.J. Steroid Biochem.,9, 527–532

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Crawford, F.E., Cross, K.J., Orme, M.L.'E., Percival, A. and Rowe, P.H. (1980). Reduction of the enterohepatic circulation of norethisterone by antibiotics in the rat: correlation with changes in the gut flora.J. Steroid Biochem.,13, 95–100

Joshi, J.V., Joshi, U.M., Sankhali, G.M., Krishna, W., Mandlekar, A., Chowdhury, V., Hazari, K., Gupta, K., Sheth, U.K. and Saxena, B.W. (1980). A study of interaction of low dose combination oral contraceptive with ampicillin and metronidazole.Contraception,22, 643–652

Friedman, C.I., Huneke, A.L., Kim, M.H. and Powers, J. (1980). The effect of ampicillin on oral contraceptive effectiveness.Obstet. Gynecol.,55, 33–37

Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., MacIver, M., Orme, M.L.'E., Rowe, P.H., Staiger, Ch., Thomas, E. and Tija, J. (1982). The effects of ampicillin on oral contraceptive steroids in women.Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,14, 43–48

Orme, M.L.'E. and Back, D.J. (1986). Interactions between oral contraceptive steroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics.Clin. Exp. Dermatol.,11, 327–331

Grimmer, S.F.M., Allen, W.L., Back, D.J., Breckenridge, A.M., Orme, M.L.'E. and Tija, J. (1983). The effect of cotrimoxazole on oral contraceptive steroids in women.Contraception,28, 53–59

Maggs, J.L., Grimmer, S.F.M., Orme, M.L.'E., Breckenridge, A.M., Park, B.K. and Gilmore, I.T. (1983). The biliary and urinary metabolites of3H-17αethinyloestradiol in women.Xenobiotica,13, 421–431