Optimization and validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detection of Giardia duodenalis in leafy greens

Alonso, 2014, Quantification of viable Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in wastewater using propidium monoazide quantitative real-time PCR, Parasitol. Res., 113, 2671, 10.1007/s00436-014-3922-9 Appelbee, 2003, Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beef calves in Alberta, Canada, Vet. Parasitol., 112, 289, 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00422-3 Augustine, 2020, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective point-of-care test for coronaviruses in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, Biology, 9, 10.3390/biology9080182 Boothroyd, 1987, An unusually compact ribosomal DNA repeat in the protozoan Giardia lamblia, Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 4065, 10.1093/nar/15.10.4065 Cacciò, 2018, Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex, Infect. Genet. Evol., 66, 335, 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.001 Caradonna, 2017, Detection and prevalence of protozoan parasites in ready-to-eat packaged salads on sale in Italy, Food Microbiol., 67, 67, 10.1016/j.fm.2017.06.006 Chalmers, 2020, Parasite detection in food: current status and future needs for validation, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 99, 337, 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.011 Chaste, 1992, Concentrating Giardia cysts in water by tangential flow filtration compared with centrifugation, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 26, 275, 10.1080/00288330.1992.9516521 Cook, 2006, Towards standard methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum on lettuce and raspberries. Part 1: development and optimization of methods, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 109, 215, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.12.015 Dixon, 2013, Detection of Cyclospora, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greens in Ontario, Canada, J. Food Protect., 76, 307, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-282 Fang, 2018, Propidium monoazide real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification for specific visualization of viable Salmonella in food, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 67, 79, 10.1111/lam.12992 FAO/WHO, 2014, Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites, 287 Feng, 2011, Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 24, 110, 10.1128/CMR.00033-10 Fischbach, 2015, Shining a light on LAMP assays—a comparison of LAMP visualization methods including the novel use of berberine, Biotechniques, 58, 189, 10.2144/000114275 Hopkins, 1997, Ribosomal RNA sequencing reveals differences between the genotypes of Giardia isolates recovered from humans and dogs living in the same locality, J. Parasitol., 83, 44, 10.2307/3284315 Horakova, 2011, 1,2-propanediol-trehalose mixture as a potent quantitative real-time PCR enhancer, BMC Biotechnol., 11, 41, 10.1186/1472-6750-11-41 International Standards Association, 2016 Jiang, 2020, Multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based lateral flow dipstick for simultaneous detection of 3 food-borne pathogens in powdered infant formula, J. Dairy Sci., 103, 4002, 10.3168/jds.2019-17538 Kaneko, 2007, Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 499, 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.08.008 Kar, 2011, Quantitative comparison of different purification and detection methods for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Vet. Parasitol., 177, 366, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.005 Karanis, 2007, Development and preliminary evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 5660, 10.1128/AEM.01152-07 Lalle, 2018, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-lateral-flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocyst in ready-to-eat salad, Food Microbiol., 70, 137, 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.001 Lalonde, 2016, Optimization and validation of methods for isolation and real-time PCR identification of protozoan oocysts on leafy green vegetables and berry fruits, Food Waterborne Parasitol., 2, 1, 10.1016/j.fawpar.2015.12.002 Law, 2014, Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: principles, applications, advantages and limitations, Front. Microbiol., 5, 770 Lin, 2018, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification-single nucleotide polymorphism analysis for detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of mink enteritis virus, Sci. Rep., 8, 8393, 10.1038/s41598-018-26717-6 Maeda, 2005, Detection of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 43, 233, 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.08.005 Murphy, 2017, Evaluation of an improved U.S. Food and Drug Administration method for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce using real-time PCR, J. Food Prot., 80, 1133, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-492 Murphy, 2018, Interlaboratory validation of an improved method for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produce using a real-time PCR assay, Food Microbiol., 69, 170, 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.008 Notomi, 2000, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 28, e63, 10.1093/nar/28.12.e63 Ortega, 1997, Giardia: overview and update, Clin. Infect. Dis., 25, 545, 10.1086/513745 Oscorbin, 2016, Comparison of fluorescent intercalating dyes for quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification (qLAMP), Biotechniques, 61, 20, 10.2144/000114432 Patel, 2013, Real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RealAmp) for the species-specific identification of Plasmodium vivax, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0054986 Plutzer, 2009, Rapid identification of Giardia duodenalis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) from faecal and environmental samples and comparative findings by PCR and real-time PCR methods, Parasitol. Res., 104, 1527, 10.1007/s00436-009-1391-3 Rawsthorne, 2009, PCR-based method using propidium monoazide to distinguish viable from nonviable Bacillus subtilis spores, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75, 2936, 10.1128/AEM.02524-08 Rousseau, 2018, Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods, Parasite (Paris, France), 25, 14, 10.1051/parasite/2018009 Ryan, 2013, Zoonotic potential of Giardia, Int. J. Parasitol., 43, 943, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.001 Ryan, 2019, Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite, Int. J. Parasitol., 49, 1, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003 Shields, 2012, Use of a common laboratory glassware detergent improves recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetanensis from lettuce, herbs and raspberries, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 153, 123, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.10.025 Thompson, 2016, Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections, Infect. Genet. Evol., 40, 315, 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.028 Torgerson, 2015, Estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis, PLoS Med., 12, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001920 Utaaker, 2015, A reduced-cost approach for analyzing fresh produce for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts, Food Res. Int., 77, 326, 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.010 Utaaker, 2017, Checking the detail in retail: occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on vegetables sold across different counters in Chandigarh, India, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 263, 1, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.020 Utaaker, 2017, Keeping it cool: survival of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts on lettuce leaves, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 255, 51, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.05.009 Wielinga, 2015, Identification of polymorphic genes for use in assemblage B genotyping assays through comparative genomics of multiple assemblage B Giardia duodenalis isolates, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 201, 1, 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.05.002