Optimal treatment strategy for rectal cancer based on the risk factors for recurrence patterns

MacFarlane JK, Ryall RD, Heald RJ (1993) Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 341:457–460 van Gijn W, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID et al (2011) Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial. Lancet Oncol 12:575–582 Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U et al (2005) Occurrence of second cancers in patients treated with radiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:6126–6131 Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U et al (2007) Late adverse effects of radiation therapy for rectal cancer—a systematic overview. Acta Oncol 46:504–516 Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U et al (2005) Adverse effects of preoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer: long-term follow-up of the Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. J Clin Oncol 23:8697–8705 Fujita S, Akasu T, Mizusawa J et al (2012) Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 13:616–621 Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ, Putter H et al (2005) Impact of short-term preoperative radiotherapy on health-related quality of life and sexual functioning in primary rectal cancer: report of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 23:1847–1858 Yamaguchi T, Konishi T, Kinugasa Y et al (2017) Laparoscopic versus open lateral lymph node dissection for locally advanced low rectal cancer: a subgroup analysis of a large multicenter cohort study in Japan. Dis Colon Rectum 60:954–964 Moriya Y, Hojo K, Sawada T et al (1989) Significance of lateral node dissection for advanced rectal carcinoma at or below the peritoneal reflection. Dis Colon Rectum 32:307–315 Hojo K, Koyama Y, Moriya Y (1982) Lymphatic spread and its prognostic value in patients with rectal cancer. Am J Surg 144:350–354 Watanabe T, Itabashi M, Shimada Y et al (2015) Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) Guidelines 2014 for treatment of colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 20:207–239 Sauer R, Liersch T, Merkel S et al (2012) Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years. J Clin Oncol 30:1926–1933 Glynne-Jones R, Wyrwicz L, Tiret E et al (2017) Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 28:iv22–iv40 Benson AB 3rd, Venook AP, Bekaii-Saab T et al (2015) Rectal Cancer, Version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 13:719–728 (quiz 728) Hasegawa S, Takahashi R, Hida K et al (2016) Revisiting the treatment strategy for rectal cancer through the pattern of local recurrence. Eur J Surg Oncol 42:1674–1679 Enriquez-Navascues JM, Borda N, Lizerazu A et al (2011) Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer after a multidisciplinary approach. World J Gastroenterol 17:1674–1684 Kusters M, Marijnen CA, van de Velde CJ et al (2010) Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer; a study of the Dutch TME trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 36:470–476 Kim TH, Jeong SY, Choi DH et al (2008) Lateral lymph node metastasis is a major cause of locoregional recurrence in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 15:729–737 Japanese classification of Colorectal Carcinoma (2009) English 2nd edition. Kanehara, Tokyo Patel UB, Taylor F, Blomqvist L et al (2011) Magnetic resonance imaging-detected tumor response for locally advanced rectal cancer predicts survival outcomes: MERCURY experience. J Clin Oncol 29:3753–3760 Taylor FG, Quirke P, Heald RJ et al (2011) One millimetre is the safe cut-off for magnetic resonance imaging prediction of surgical margin status in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 98:872–879 Sato T, Kokuba Y, Koizumi W et al (2007) Phase I trial of neoadjuvant preoperative chemotherapy with S-1 and irinotecan plus radiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 69:1442–1447 Choi HJ, Kim NK, Keum KC et al (2008) Phase I trial of neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy with S-1 and weekly irinotecan in locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 87:361–366 Sato T, Hayakawa K, Tomita N et al (2016) A multicenter phase I study of preoperative chemoradiotherapy with S-1 and irinotecan for locally advanced lower rectal cancer (SAMRAI-1). Radiother Oncol 120:222–227 Ishihara S, Kawai K, Tanaka T et al (2017) Oncological outcomes of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum 60:469–476 Takahashi T, Ueno M, Azekura K et al (2000) Lateral node dissection and total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 43:S59–S68 Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T et al (1997) Importance of extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. World J Surg 21:728–732 Sugihara K, Moriya Y, Akasu T et al (1996) Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for patients with rectal carcinoma. Oncologic and functional outcome. Cancer 78:1871–1880 Ueno M, Oya M, Azekura K et al (2005) Incidence and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer. Br J Surg 92:756–763 Fujita S, Mizusawa J, Kanemitsu Y et al (2017) Mesorectal excision with or without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II/III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): a multicenter, randomized controlled, noninferiority trial. Ann Surg 266:201–207 Oh HK, Kang SB, Lee SM et al (2014) Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy affects the indications for lateral pelvic node dissection in mid/low rectal cancer with clinically suspected lateral node involvement: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Ann Surg Oncol 21:2280–2287 Kim MJ, Kim TH, Kim DY et al (2015) Can chemoradiation allow for omission of lateral pelvic node dissection for locally advanced rectal cancer? J Surg Oncol 111:459–464 Akiyoshi T, Matsueda K, Hiratsuka M et al (2015) Indications for lateral pelvic lymph node dissection based on magnetic resonance imaging before and after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced low-rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 22(Suppl 3):S614–S620 Bosset JF, Calais G, Mineur L et al (2014) Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study. Lancet Oncol 15:184–190 Akasu T, Iinuma G, Takawa M et al (2009) Accuracy of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 16:2787–2794 Fujita S, Yamamoto S, Akasu T et al (2009) Risk factors of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in advanced rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:1085–1090 Ogawa S, Hida J, Ike H et al (2016) Selection of lymph node-positive cases based on perirectal and lateral pelvic lymph nodes using magnetic resonance imaging: study of the Japanese society for cancer of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol 23:1187–1194 Taylor FG, Quirke P, Heald RJ et al (2011) Preoperative high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging can identify good prognosis stage I, II, and III rectal cancer best managed by surgery alone: a prospective, multicenter, European study. Ann Surg 253:711–719 Glimelius B, Tiret E, Cervantes A et al (2013) Group EGW, rectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 24(Suppl 6):vi81–88 Sao Juliao GP, Habr-Gama A, Vailati BB et al (2017) The good, the bad and the ugly: rectal cancers in the twenty-first century. Tech Coloproctol 21:573–575