Optimal supply chain networks for waste materials used in alkali-activated concrete fostering circular economy

Abdulkareem, 2021, Environmental and economic perspective of waste-derived activators on alkali-activated mortars, J. Clean. Prod., 280, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124651 AlZaghrini, 2019, Using GIS and optimization to manage construction and demolition waste: The case of abandoned quarries in Lebanon, Waste Manag., 95, 139, 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.011 Assi, 2020, Review of availability of source materials for geopolymer/sustainable concrete, J. Clean. Prod., 263, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121477 BAFU, 2021. Indikator Abfall [WWW Document]. URL https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/thema-abfall/abfall–daten–indikatoren-und-karten/abfall–indikatoren/indikator-abfall.pt.html/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWthdG9yZW4uYWRtaW4uY2gvUHVibG/ljL0FlbURldGFpbD9pbmQ9QUIwMDUmbG5nPWRlJlBhZ2U9aHR0/cHMlM2ElMmY (accessed 4.10.22). BAFU, 2017. Liste der Deponien in der Schweiz 1–7. Bal, 2022, A simulation-based optimization approach for network design: The circular economy perspective, Sustain. Prod. Consum., 30, 761, 10.1016/j.spc.2021.12.033 Beyond-coal, 2022. Coal Exit Timeline - Europe Beyond Coal [WWW Document]. URL https://beyond-coal.eu/coal-exit-timeline/ (accessed 3.23.22). Blasenbauer, 2020, Legal situation and current practice of waste incineration bottom ash utilisation in Europe, Waste Manag., 102, 868, 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.031 Bussieck, M.R., Meeraus, A., 2004. General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). pp. 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0215-5_8. Cemsuisse, 2021. Kennzahlen 2021. EC, 2020. Communication From the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - A Renovation Wave for Europe - greening our buildings, creating jobs, improving lives. Eidg. Gebäude- und Wohnungsregister (GWR) [WWW Document], 2022. URL https://www.housing-stat.ch/de/index.html (accessed 4.10.22). Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013. Towards the circular economy: economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition. Eurostat, 2021. Municipal waste statistics [WWW Document]. URL https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Municipal_waste_statistics#Municipal_waste_treatment (accessed 4.10.22). Ghisellini, 2016, A review on circular economy: The expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems, J. Clean. Prod., 114, 11, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007 Guevara Opinska, L., Mahmoud, M., Bene, C., Rademaekers, K., 2021. Moving towards Zero-Emission Steel. Habert, 2011, An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: Reviewing current research trends, J. Clean. Prod., 19, 1229, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012 Habert, 2020, Environmental impacts and decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industries, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 10.1038/s43017-020-0093-3 Habert, 2016, Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers, RILEM Tech. Lett., 1 Haupt, 2017, Do we have the right performance indicators for the circular economy?: Insight into the Swiss waste management system, J. Ind. Ecol., 21, 615, 10.1111/jiec.12506 Heath, 2014, Minimising the global warming potential of clay based geopolymers, J. Clean. Prod., 78, 75, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.046 Hossain, 2020, Circular economy and the construction industry: Existing trends, challenges and prospective framework for sustainable construction, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109948 Hoxha, 2014, Method to analyse the contribution of material's sensitivity in buildings’ environmental impact, J. Clean. Prod., 66, 54, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.056 Huang, 2018, Use of slaked lime and Portland cement to improve the resistance of MSWI bottom ash-GBFS geopolymer concrete against carbonation, Constr. Build. Mater., 166, 290, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.089 Huang, 2018, Advances in understanding and analyzing the anti-diffusion behavior in complete carbonation zone of MSWI bottom ash-based alkali-activated concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 186, 1072, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.038 IEA, 2020. Energy Technology Perspectives 2020. https://doi.org/10.1787/ab43a9a5-en. IEA, UNEP, 2018. 2018 Global Status Report: towards a zero-emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector. Ioannidou, 2017, Is gravel becoming scarce? Evaluating the local criticality of construction aggregates, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 126, 25, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.016 2018, Global warming of 1.5°C, Ipcc - Sr, 15, 17 Jakob, M., Rubli, S., Sunarjo, B., 2016. Dämmmaterialien im Gebäudepark der Schweiz. Jolliet, 2015 Kang, 2020, Three-stage design of high-resolution microalgae-based biofuel supply chain using geographic information system, Appl. Energy, 265, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114773 Kirchherr, 2017, Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 127, 221, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005 Kohvakka, T., 2020. Glass wool as geopolymer raw material . Komkova, 2023, Environmental impact assessment of alkali-activated materials: Examining impacts of variability in constituent production processes and transportation, Constr. Build. Mater., 363, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129032 Leiden University, 2022. CML-IA Characterisation Factors Leiden University [WWW Document]. URL https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/science/cml-ia-characterisation-factors (accessed 12.5.22). Lessard, 2021, Tracking the environmental consequences of circular economy over space and time: The case of close- and open-loop recovery of postconsumer glass, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55, 11521, 10.1021/acs.est.1c03074 Lessard, 2021, A time-series material-product chain model extended to a multiregional industrial symbiosis: The case of material circularity in the cement sector, Ecol. Econ., 179, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106872 Li, 2021, Early-age properties of alkali-activated slag and glass wool paste, Constr. Build. Mater., 291, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123326 Lombardi, 2012, Redefining industrial symbiosis, J. Ind. Ecol., 16, 28, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00444.x Mirkouei, 2016, Reducing the cost and environmental impact of integrated fixed and mobile bio-oil refinery supply chains, J. Clean. Prod., 113, 495, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.023 Obrist, 2021, Decarbonization pathways of the Swiss cement industry towards net zero emissions, J. Clean. Prod., 288, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125413 Ostermeyer, 2018, Building inventory and refurbishment scenario database development for Switzerland, J. Ind. Ecol., 22, 629, 10.1111/jiec.12616 Ouellet-Plamondon, 2014, Life cycle assessment (LCA) of alkali-activated cements and concretes, in: Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes, Elsevier Inc., 663 Pavlin, 2021, Mechanical, microstructural and mineralogical evaluation of alkali-activated waste glass and stone wool, Ceram. Int., 47, 15102, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.02.068 PRé Sustainability, 2014. SimaPro - PRé Sustainability [WWW Document]. URL https://pre-sustainability.com/solutions/tools/simapro/ (accessed 2.21.23). Provis, 2018, Alkali-activated materials, Cem. Concr. Res., 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.009 Provis, 2014, Geopolymers and other alkali activated materials: why, how, and what?, Mater. Struct. Constr., 47, 11, 10.1617/s11527-013-0211-5 QGIS Development Team, 2020. QGIS geographic information system [WWW Document]. URL https://www.qgis.org/en/site/ (accessed 2.21.23). Rathore, 2020, Economic, environmental and social optimization of solid waste management in the context of circular economy, Comput. Ind. Eng., 145, 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106510 Rizwan, 2018, Optimal processing route for the utilization and conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and valuable products, J. Clean. Prod., 174, 857, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.335 Salas, 2018, Life cycle assessment of geopolymer concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.123 Scarlat, N., Fahl, F., Dallemand, J.F., 2019. Status and opportunities for energy recovery from municipal solid waste in Europe. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 10, 2425–2444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0297-7. swissBUILDINGS3D 2.0 [WWW Document], 2022. URL https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/geodata/landscape/buildings3d2.html (accessed 4.10.22). swissTLMRegio [WWW Document], 2022. URL https://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/geodata/landscape/tlmregio.html (accessed 4.10.22). Tiu, 2017, An MILP model for optimizing water exchanges in eco-industrial parks considering water quality, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 119, 89, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.005 Torelli, 2020 Trivyza, 2022, Designing reverse supply networks for carbon fibres: Enabling cross-sectoral circular economy pathways, J. Clean. Prod., 372, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133599 Turken, 2020, Supply chain implications of industrial symbiosis: A review and avenues for future research, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 161, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104974 UNFCCC, 2015. Paris Agreement. Väntsi, 2014, Mineral wool waste in Europe: A review of mineral wool waste quantity, quality, and current recycling methods, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 10.1007/s10163-013-0170-5 Wernet, 2016, The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 21, 1218, 10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8 Wiprächtiger, 2020, A framework for sustainable and circular system design: Development and application on thermal insulation materials, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 154, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104631 Yliniemi, 2016, Utilization of mineral wools as alkali-activated material precursor, Materials (Basel), 9, 10.3390/ma9050312 Yliniemi, 2019, Mineral wool waste-based geopolymers, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 297, 10.1088/1755-1315/297/1/012006 Yu, 2021, Towards circular economy through industrial symbiosis in the Dutch construction industry: a case of recycled concrete aggregates, J. Clean. Prod., 293, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126083 CemSuisse, 2022. Durchschnittszement Schweiz (2021) Umweltdeklaration. Roig, A.A., 2020. Life cycle assessment of alkali-activated cement compared to ordinary Portland cement. Wang, 2018, CESAR: A bottom-up building stock modelling tool for Switzerland to address sustainable energy transformation strategies, Energy Build., 169, 9, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.020