Ontogeny of persistence: Immediate extinction effects in preweanling and weanling rats
Tóm tắt
In Experiment I rats were trained for 21÷2 days under partial (PRF) or continuous reinforcement (CRF) conditions starting at 18, 22, 28, or 36 days of age and were then subjected to immediate extinction. At all ages there was a strong partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), and absolute size of PREE was greatest in the youngest rats. Rate of extinction increased as a function of age following both CRF and PRF. In Experiment II the youngest and oldest age groups of Experiment I were run under the two reward conditions of Experiment I and in a third condition, PRF with number of rewards rather than trials equated to CRF (PRF-R). The PRF-R and PRF groups were not different in extinction, and both were more persistent than CRF. The youngest rats were again more persistent than the oldest, particularly after PRF training. In Experiment III it was shown that the well-known paradoxical effect, greater reward in CRF acquisition leads to faster extinction, operates in our youngest and oldest animals, but is more pronounced in the oldest. The results are discussed in terms of whether they require different explanations than those often applied to extinction data from adult rats.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Altman, J., Brunner, R. L., & Bayer, S. A. The hippocampus and behavioral maturation. Behavioral Biology, 1973, 8, 557–596.
Altman, J., & Das, G. D. Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1965, 124, 319–336.
Amsel, A. The role of frustrative nonreward in noncontinuous reward situations. Psychological Bulletin, 1958, 55, 102–119.
Amsel, A. Behavioral habituation, counterconditioning, and a general theory of persistence. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds.),Classical conditioning II. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1972.
Amsel, A., & Chen, J. S. Ontogeny of persistence: Immediate and long-term persistence in rats varying in training age between 17 and 65 days. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, in press.
Bitterman, M. E. Phyletic differences in learning. American Psychologist, 1965, 20, 396–410.
Black, R. W. Incentive motivation and the parameters of reward in instrumental conditioning. In W. J. Arnold and D. Levine (Eds.),Nebraska symposium on motivation. Vol. 17. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969, 85–137.
Bronstein, P. M., Neiman, H., Wolkoff, F. D., & Levine, M. J. The development of habituation in the rat. Animal Learning & Behavior, 1974, 2, 92–96.
Bronstein, P., & Spear, N. E. Acquisition of a spatial discrimination by rats as a function of age. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1972, 78, 208–212.
Campbell, B. A. Developmental studies of learning and motivation in infraprimate mammals. In H. W. Stevenson, E. H. Hess. & H. L. Rheingold (Eds.),Early behavior Comparative and developmental approaches. New York: Wiley, 1967.
Campbell, B. A., Lytle, L. D., & Fibiger, H. C. Ontogeny of adrenergic arousal and chohnergic inhibitory mechanisms in the rat. Science, 1969, 166, 635–636.
Campbell, B. A., & Jaynes, J. Effect of duration of reinstatement of retention of a visual discrimination learned in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1, 71–74.
Campbell, B. A., Jaynes, J., & Misanin, J. R. Retention of a light-dark discrimination in rats of different ages. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1968, 66, 467–472.
Campbell, B. A., &. Spear, N. E. Ontogeny of memory. Psychological Review, 1972, 79, 215–236.
Campbell, P. E., Batsche, C. J., & Batsche, G. M. Spaced-trials reward magnitude effects in the rat Single versus multiple food pellets. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1972, 81, 360–364
Capaldi, E. J. A sequential hypothesis of instrumental learning. In K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence (Eds.),The psychology of learning and motivation. Vol. 1 New York: Academic Press, 1967.
Chen, J. S., & Amsel, A. Retention and durability of persistence acquired by young and infant rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1975, 89, 238–245.
Douglas, R. J. Pavlovian conditioning and the brain. In R. A. Boakes and M. S. Halliday (Eds.),Inhibition and learning New York. Academic Press, 1972.
Douglas, R. J., Peterson, J. J., & Douglas, D. P. The ontogeny of a hippocampus-dependent response in two rodent species. Behavioral Biology, 1973, 8, 27–37.
Egger, G. J., Livesey, P. J., & Dawson, R. G. Ontogenetic aspects of central cholinergic involvement in spontaneous alternation behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 1973, 6, 289–299.
Goodrich, K. P. Performance in different segments of an instrumental response chain as a function of reinforcement schedule. Journal of Expenmental Psychology, 1959, 57, 57–63.
Haggard, D. F. Acquisition of a simple running response as a function of partial and continuous schedules of reinforcement. Psychological Record, 1959, 9, 11–18
Roberts, W. A. Resistance to extinction following partial and consistent reinforcement with varying magnitudes of reward. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1969, 67, 395–400.
Sperling, S. E. Reversal learning and resistance to extinction: A review of the rat literature. Psychological Bulletin, 1965, 63, 281–297.
Wagner, A. R. Effects of amount and percentage of reinforcement and number of acquisition trials on conditioning and extinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1961, 62, 234–242.