One taxon does not fit all: Herb-layer diversity and stand structural complexity are weak predictors of biodiversity in Fagus sylvatica forests

Abbate, 2015, Woody flora as a predictor of vascular plant richness: an insight in Italy, Plant Biosyst., 149, 565, 10.1080/11263504.2013.870251 Aragon, 2010, Effects of forest management on epiphytic lichen diversity in Mediterranean forests, Appl. Veg. Sci., 13, 183, 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01060.x Asta, 2002, Mapping lichen diversity as an indicator of environmental quality, 273 Audisio, 2014 Azzella, 2013, Aquatic macrophyte diversity assessment: validation of a new sampling method for circular-shaped lakes, Limnol. – Ecol. Manag. Inland Waters, 43, 492, 10.1016/j.limno.2013.04.001 Barbier, 2009, Improving biodiversity indicators of sustainable forest management: tree genus abundance rather than tree genus richness and dominance for understory vegetation in French lowland oak hornbeam forests, For. Ecol. Manag., 258, S176, 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.004 Bates, 2015, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, J. Stat. Softw., 67, 1, 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Blasi, 2010, Multi-taxon and forest structure sampling for identification of indicators and monitoring of old-growth forest, Plant Biosyst., 144, 160, 10.1080/11263500903560538 Blasi, 2011, Important plant areas in Italy: from data to mapping, Biol. Conserv., 144, 220, 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.019 Bouget, 2014, Key features for saproxylic beetle diversity derived from rapid habitat assessment in temperate forests, Ecol. Indic., 36, 656, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.09.031 Brichetti, 2015, Check-list degli uccelli italiani aggiornata al 2014, Res. Ornithol., 85, 31 Brunet, 2010, Biodiversity in European beech forests – a review with recommendations for sustainable forest management, Ecol. Bull., 53, 77 Brunialti, 2010, Lichens and bryophytes as indicators of old-growth features in Mediterranean forests, Plant Biosyst., 144, 221, 10.1080/11263500903560959 Burnham, 2002 Burrascano, 2011, Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning, Plant Ecol., 212, 829, 10.1007/s11258-010-9866-y Burrascano, 2013, Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: a global review, For. Ecol. Manag., 291, 458, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.020 Christensen, 2004, Wood-inhabiting fungi as indicators of nature value in European beech forests, 229 Conti, 2005 de Araujo, 2013, Different relationships between galling and non-galling herbivore richness and plant species richness: a meta-analysis, Arthropod Plant Interact., 7, 373, 10.1007/s11829-013-9259-y Ferrier, 2002, Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here?, Syst. Biol., 51, 331, 10.1080/10635150252899806 Gao, 2015, Reviewing the strength of evidence of biodiversity indicators for forest ecosystems in Europe, Ecol. Indic., 57, 420, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.028 Gerz, 2016, Plant community mycorrhization in temperate forests and grasslands: relations with edaphic properties and plant diversity, J. Veg. Sci., 27, 89, 10.1111/jvs.12338 Gioria, 2011, Evaluating and interpreting cross-taxon congruence: potential pitfalls and solutions, Acta Oecol., 37, 187, 10.1016/j.actao.2011.02.001 Gossner, 2014, Forest management intensity measures as alternative to stand properties for quantifying effects on biodiversity, Ecosphere, 5, 10.1890/ES14-00177.1 Gotelli, 2010, Estimating species richness, 39 Granito, 2015, Wood-inhabiting fungi in southern Italy forest stands: morphogroups, vegetation types and decay classes, Mycologia, 107, 1074, 10.3852/13-400 Grueber, 2011, Multimodel inference in ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions, J. Evol. Biol., 24, 699, 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02210.x Grussu, 2014, Implementing REDD+ in Papua New Guinea: can biodiversity indicators be effectively integrated in PNG's national forest inventory?, Plant Biosyst., 148, 519, 10.1080/11263504.2014.900131 Hazell, 1999, Retention of trees at final harvest – evaluation of a conservation technique using epiphytic bryophyte and lichen transplants, Biol. Conserv., 90, 133, 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00024-5 Hunter, 1990, 270 Kirk, 2008, 771 Kirkman, 2012, Is species richness congruent among taxa? Surrogacy, complementarity, and environmental correlates among three disparate taxa in geographically isolated wetlands, Ecol. Indic., 18, 131, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.015 Legendre, 1998 Lewandowski, 2010, The effectiveness of surrogate taxa for the representation of biodiversity, Conserv. Biol., 24, 1367, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01513.x Lindenmayer, 2014, An empirical assessment and comparison of species-based and habitat-based surrogates: a case study of forest vertebrates and large old trees, PLOS ONE, 9, e89807, 10.1371/journal.pone.0089807 Lombardi, 2015, Quantifying the effect of sampling plot size on the estimation of structural indicators in old-growth forest stands, For. Ecol. Manag., 346, 89, 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.011 McElhinny, 2006, An objective and quantitative methodology for constructing an index of stand structural complexity, For. Ecol. Manag., 235, 54, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.024 McElhinny, 2005, Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement, For. Ecol. Manag., 218, 1, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.034 Mölder, 2008, Herb-layer diversity in deciduous forests: raised by tree richness or beaten by beech?, For. Ecol. Manag., 256, 272, 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.04.012 Motta, 2015, Structure, spatio-temporal dynamics and disturbance regime of the mixed beech – silver fir – Norway spruce old-growth forest of Biogradska Gora (Montenegro), Plant Biosyst., 149, 966, 10.1080/11263504.2014.945978 Müller, 2007, Assemblages of wood-inhabiting fungi related to silvicultural management intensity in beech forests in southern Germany, Eur. J. For. Res., 126, 513, 10.1007/s10342-007-0173-7 Nascimbene, 2010, Testing Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. as an indicator of lichen conservation importance of Italian forests, Ecol. Indic., 10, 353, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.06.013 Nascimbene, 2013, Evaluating the conservation status of epiphytic lichens of Italy: a red list, Plant Biosyst., 147, 898, 10.1080/11263504.2012.748101 Nieto, 2010 Nimis, 2008 Nordén, 2014, Effects of ecological continuity on species richness and composition in forests and woodlands: a review, Ecoscience, 21, 34, 10.2980/21-1-3667 Oksanen, 2013 Penninckx, 2001, Radial variations in wood mineral element concentrations: a comparison of beech and pedunculate oak from the Belgian Ardennes, Ann. For. Sci., 58, 253, 10.1051/forest:2001124 Persiani, 2015, Stand structure and deadwood amount influences saproxylic fungal biodiversity in Mediterranean mountain unmanaged forests, IFOREST, 9, 15 Persiani, 2010, Linking taxonomical and functional biodiversity of saproxylic fungi and beetles in broad-leaved forests in southern Italy with varying management histories, Plant Biosyst., 144, 250, 10.1080/11263500903561114 R Development Core Team, 2015 Rodrigues, 2007, Shortcuts for biodiversity conservation planning: the effectiveness of surrogates, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 38, 713, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095737 Rooney, 2015, The strength of cross-taxon congruence in species composition varies with the size of regional species pools and the intensity of human disturbance, J. Biogeogr., 42, 439, 10.1111/jbi.12400 Sabatini, 2015, An index of structural complexity for Apennine beech forests, IFOREST, 8, 314, 10.3832/ifor1160-008 Sabatini, 2014, Drivers of herb-layer species diversity in two unmanaged temperate forests in northern Spain, Commun. Ecol., 15, 147, 10.1556/ComEc.15.2014.2.3 Sabatini, 2014, Ground layer plant species turnover and beta diversity in Southern-European old-growth forests, PLOS ONE, 9, e95244, 10.1371/journal.pone.0095244 Sama, 2002 Santi, 2010, Simple to sample: vascular plants as surrogate group in a nature reserve, J. Nat. Conserv., 18, 2, 10.1016/j.jnc.2009.02.003 Schwarze, 2007, Wood decay under the microscope, Fungal Biol. Rev., 21, 133, 10.1016/j.fbr.2007.09.001 Toranza, 2010, Cross-taxon congruence and environmental conditions, BMC Ecol., 10, 18, 10.1186/1472-6785-10-18 Westgate, 2014, Global meta-analysis reveals low consistency of biodiversity congruence relationships, Nat. Commun., 5, 10.1038/ncomms4899