On the horizon: Flexible immune recognition outside lymphocytes

Alwine, 1977, Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 74, 5350, 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5350 Barin, 2012, Macrophage diversity in cardiac inflammation: a review, Immunobiology, 217, 468, 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.009 Barton, 2007, Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection, Nature, 447, 326, 10.1038/nature05762 Beham, 2011, A TNF-regulated recombinatorial macrophage immune receptor implicated in granuloma formation in tuberculosis, PLoS Pathog., 7, e1002375, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002375 Bell, 2008, The earliest thymic progenitors for T cells possess myeloid lineage potential, Nature, 452, 764, 10.1038/nature06840 Borghesi, 2007, Innate versus adaptive immunity: a paradigm past its prime?, Cancer Res., 67, 3989, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0182 Bosma, 1983, A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse, Nature, 301, 527, 10.1038/301527a0 Bouvier, 1996, Deletion of the mouse T-cell receptor beta gene enhancer blocks alphabeta T-cell development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 93, 7877, 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7877 Chien, 1984, A third type of murine T-cell receptor gene, Nature, 312, 31, 10.1038/312031a0 Chorro, 2009, Langerhans cell (LC) proliferation mediates neonatal development, homeostasis, and inflammation-associated expansion of the epidermal LC network, J. Exp. Med., 206, 3089, 10.1084/jem.20091586 Cooper, 1965, Delineation of the thymic and bursal lymphoid systems in the chicken, Nature, 205, 143, 10.1038/205143a0 Cooper, 1966, The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken, J. Exp. Med., 123, 25, 10.1084/jem.123.1.75 Daems, 1982, Do resident macrophages proliferate?, Immunobiology, 161, 204, 10.1016/S0171-2985(82)80075-2 Dzik, 2010, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions, Acta Biochim. Pol., 57, 443, 10.18388/abp.2010_2431 Fagraeus, 1947, Plasma cellular reaction and its relation to the formation of antibodies in vitro, Nature, 159, 499, 10.1038/159499a0 Ferrante, 2007, Neutrophilic schizophrenia: breaching the barrier between innate and adaptive immunity, Immunol. Cell Biol., 85, 265, 10.1038/sj.icb.7100036 Fuchs, 2012, The neutrophil variable TCR-like immune receptor is expressed across the entire human life span but repertoire diversity declines in old age, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 419, 309, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.017 Fuchs, 2012, An autoimmune double attack, Lancet, 379, 1364, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61939-9 Fuchs, T., Puellmann, K., Dreyfus, D.H., Piehler, A.P., Reuter, B., Schwarzbach, C., Willmann, O., Yepes, D., Costina, V., Findeisen, P., Ganser, A., Neumaier, M., Beham, A.W., Kaminski, W.E. Immediate neutrophil variable T-cell receptor-like host response in bacterial meningitis, unpublished observations. Glaziou, 2009, Global burden and epidemiology of tuberculosis, Clin. Chest Med., 30, 621, 10.1016/j.ccm.2009.08.017 Gordon, 2010, Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions, Immunity, 32, 593, 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007 Gordon, 2011, Diversity and plasticity of mononuclear phagocytes, Eur. J. Immunol., 41, 2470, 10.1002/eji.201141988 Gratchev, 2006, Mphi1 and Mphi2 can be re-polarized by Th2 or Th1 cytokines, respectively, and respond to exogenous danger signals, Immunobiology, 211, 473, 10.1016/j.imbio.2006.05.017 Greaves, 2009, The macrophage scavenger receptor at 30 years of age: current knowledge and future challenges, J. Lipid Res., 50, S282, 10.1194/jlr.R800066-JLR200 Hannum, 1984, Immunoglobulin-like nature of the alpha-chain of a human T-cell antigen/MHC receptor, Nature, 312, 65, 10.1038/312065a0 Hata, 1987, Identification of putative human T cell receptor delta complementary DNA clones, Science, 238, 678, 10.1126/science.3499667 Hedrick, 1984, Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins, Nature, 308, 149, 10.1038/308149a0 Hellerstein, 1999, Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1-infected humans, Nat. Med., 5, 83, 10.1038/4772 Hirano, 2011, The evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates, Adv. Immunol., 109, 125, 10.1016/B978-0-12-387664-5.00004-2 Hoffmann, 1999, Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity, Science, 284, 1313, 10.1126/science.284.5418.1313 Itohara, 1993, T cell receptor delta gene mutant mice: independent generation of alpha beta T cells and programmed rearrangements of gamma delta TCR genes, Cell, 72, 337, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90112-4 Janeway, 2002, Innate immune recognition, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 20, 197, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359 Jenkins, 2011, Local macrophage proliferation, rather than recruitment from the blood, is a signature of TH2 inflammation, Science, 332, 1284, 10.1126/science.1204351 Kzhyshkowska, 2012, Role of macrophage scavenger receptors in atherosclerosis, Immunobiology, 217, 492, 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.02.015 Laoui, 2011, Mononuclear phagocyte heterogeneity in cancer: different subsets and activation states reaching out at the tumor site, Immunobiology, 216, 1192, 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.007 Lee, 2009, Systems-level comparison of host-responses elicited by avian H5N1 and seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses in primary human macrophages, PLoS ONE, 4, e8072, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008072 Legrand, 2009, A functional gammadelta TCR/CD3 complex distinct from gammadeltaT cells is expressed by human eosinophils, PLoS ONE, 4, e5926, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005926 Lian, 2001, Genomic and proteomic analysis of the myeloid differentiation program, Blood, 98, 513, 10.1182/blood.V98.3.513 Lian, 2002, Genomic and proteomic analysis of the myeloid differentiation program: global analysis of gene expression during induced differentiation in the MPRO cell line, Blood, 100, 3209, 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0850 Loh, 1987, Identification and sequence of a fourth human T cell antigen receptor chain, Nature, 330, 569, 10.1038/330569a0 Luo, 2005, Fc- and complement–receptor activation stimulates cell cycle progression of macrophage cells from G1 to S, J. Immunol., 174, 7226, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7226 Mak, 2007, The T cell antigen receptor: “The Hunting of the Snark”, Eur. J. Immunol., 37, 83, 10.1002/eji.200737443 Maouche, 2008, Performance comparison of two microarray platforms to assess differential gene expression in human monocyte and macrophage cells, BMC Genomics, 9, e302, 10.1186/1471-2164-9-302 Mombaerts, 1992, Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes and block thymocyte development at different stages, Nature, 360, 225, 10.1038/360225a0 Mombaerts, 1992, RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes, Cell, 68, 869, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90030-G Mosig, 2008, Monocytes of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia show alterations in cholesterol metabolism, BMC Med. Genomics, 1, e60, 10.1186/1755-8794-1-60 Murre, 1985, Human gamma-chain genes are rearranged in leukaemic T cells and map to the short arm of chromosome 7, Nature, 316, 549, 10.1038/316549a0 Nathan, 2006, Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 6, 173, 10.1038/nri1785 Netea, 2011, Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense, Cell Host Microbe, 9, 355, 10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.006 Pannetier, 1993, The sizes of the CDR3 hypervariable regions of the murine T-cell receptor beta chains vary as a function of the recombined germ-line segments, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 4319, 10.1073/pnas.90.9.4319 Philpott, 1992, Lymphoid development in mice congenitally lacking T cell receptor alpha beta-expressing cells, Science, 256, 1448, 10.1126/science.1604321 Pieters, 2008, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the macrophage: maintaining a balance, Cell Host Microbe, 3, 399, 10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.006 Pillay, 2010, In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days, Blood, 116, 625, 10.1182/blood-2010-01-259028 Pluddemann, 2007, Macrophage scavenger receptors and host-derived ligands, Methods, 43, 207, 10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.06.004 Puellmann, 2006, From the cover: a variable immunoreceptor in a subpopulation of human neutrophils, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 14441, 10.1073/pnas.0603406103 Puellmann, 2006, Cytokine storm and an anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody, N. Engl. J. Med., 355, 2592 Qian, 2010, Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis, Cell, 141, 39, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.014 Rappolee, 1988, Wound macrophages express TGF-alpha and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotying, Science, 241, 708, 10.1126/science.3041594 Rudd, 2011, Evolution of the antigen-specific CD8+ TCR repertoire across the life span: evidence for clonal homogenization of the old TCR repertoire, J. Immunol., 186, 2056, 10.4049/jimmunol.1003013 Saito, 1984, Complete primary structure of a heterodimeric T-cell receptor deduced from cDNA sequences, Nature, 309, 757, 10.1038/309757a0 Saito, 1984, A third rearranged and expressed gene in a clone of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, Nature, 312, 36, 10.1038/312036a0 Schirmer, 2009, Suppression of inflammatory signaling in monocytes from patients with coronary artery disease, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 46, 177, 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.10.029 Schirmer, 2010, Blocking interferon {beta} stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and arteriogenesis, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 34677, 10.1074/jbc.M110.164350 Shinkai, 1992, RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement, Cell, 68, 855, 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90029-C Schluter, 1999, ‘Big Bang’ emergence of the combinatorial immune system, Dev. Comp. Immunol., 23, 107 Stout, 2004, Functional plasticity of macrophages: reversible adaptation to changing microenvironments, J. Leukoc. Biol., 76, 509, 10.1189/jlb.0504272 Tikhonova, 2012, αβT cell receptors that do not undergo major histocompatibility complex-specific thymic selection possess antibody-like recognition specificities, Immunity, 36, 79, 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.013 van’t Wout, 1992, The role of BCG/PPD-activated macrophages in resistance against systemic candidiasis in mice, Scand. J. Immunol., 36, 713, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb03132.x Varin, 2009, Alternative activation of macrophages: immune function and cellular biology, Immunobiology, 214, 630, 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.009 Wang, 2010, High throughput sequencing reveals a complex pattern of dynamic interrelationships among human T cell subsets, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107, 1518, 10.1073/pnas.0913939107 Yager, 2008, Age-associated decline in T cell repertoire diversity leads to holes in the repertoire and impaired immunity to influenza virus, J. Exp. Med., 205, 711, 10.1084/jem.20071140 Yanagi, 1984, A human T cell-specific cDNA clone encodes a protein having extensive homology to immunoglobulin chains, Nature, 308, 145, 10.1038/308145a0