On the heterogeneous nucleation of mesospheric ice on meteoric smoke particles: Microphysical modeling

AIU Jena, 2012. Optical Data. 〈http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/OCDB/index.html〉. Bardeen, 2008, Numerical simulations of the three-dimensional distribution of meteoric dust in the mesosphere and upper stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 202, 10.1029/2007JD009515 Baumgarten, 2008, Particle properties and water content of noctilucent clouds and their interannual variation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 10.1029/2007JD008884 Bohren, 1983 Brown, 1996, H2O condensation coefficient and refractive index for vapor-deposited ice from molecular beam and optical interference measurements, J. Phys. Chem., 100, 4988, 10.1021/jp952547j Chase, M.W., 1998. NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 4th ed. National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.); American Chemical Society, Washington, DC; American Institute of Physics for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Woodbury, NY (revised edition of JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., 1971). Choy, 1999 Czechowsky, 1979, Variations of mesospheric structures in different seasons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 459, 10.1029/GL006i006p00459 Dorschner, 1995, Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. II. Study of Mg–Fe-silicate glasses of variable composition, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 300, 503 Ecklund, 1981, Long-term observations of the arctic mesosphere with the MST radar at poker flat, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7775, 10.1029/JA086iA09p07775 Eidhammer, 2001, Size dependence of the mesospheric dust temperature and its influence on the noctilucent clouds and polar mesosphere summer echo phenomena, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24831, 10.1029/2001JA900036 Espy, 2002, Equilibrium temperature of water–ice aerosols in the high-latitude summer mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 64, 1823, 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00191-8 Fabian, 2001, Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy, Astron. Astrophys., 378, 228, 10.1051/0004-6361:20011196 Fiocco, 1975, Equilibrium temperatures of small particles in the Earth׳s upper atmosphere (50–110km), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 37, 1327, 10.1016/0021-9169(75)90125-7 Fletcher, 1958, Size effect in heterogeneous nucleation, J. Chem. Phys., 29, 572, 10.1063/1.1744540 Fletcher, 1959, On ice-crystal production by aerosol particles, J. Meteorol., 16, 173, 10.1175/1520-0469(1959)016<0173:OICPBA>2.0.CO;2 Garnett, 1904, Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 203, 385, 10.1098/rsta.1904.0024 Gombosi, 1994 Gumbel, 2003, Influences of ice particles on the ion chemistry of the polar summer mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2002JD002413 Henning, 1995, Optical properties of oxide dust grains, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 112, 143 Hervig, 2001, First confirmation that water ice is the primary component of polar mesospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 971, 10.1029/2000GL012104 Hervig, 2010, Temperature, shape, and phase of mesospheric ice from solar occultation for ice experiment observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 208, 10.1029/2010JD013918 Hervig, 2011, Observations of mesospheric ice particles from the ALWIN radar and SOFIE, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 73, 2176, 10.1016/j.jastp.2010.08.002 Hervig, 2012, The content and composition of meteoric smoke in mesospheric ice particles from SOFIE observations, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 84–85, 1, 10.1016/j.jastp.2012.04.005 Hoppe, 1988, First observations of summer polar mesospheric backscatter with a 224MHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 28, 10.1029/GL015i001p00028 Hunten, 1980, Smoke and dust particles of meteoric origin in the mesosphere and stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1342, 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1342:SADPOM>2.0.CO;2 Jaeger, 1994, Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy. I. Laboratory results of a silicate glass of mean cosmic composition, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl., 292 Jensen, 1989, On the diurnal variation of noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10.1029/JD094iD12p14693 Jesse, 1896, Die Höhe der leuchtenden Nachtwolken, Astron. Nachr., 140, 161, 10.1002/asna.18961401102 Keesee, 1989, Nucleation and particle formation in the upper atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14683, 10.1029/JD094iD12p14683 Lazzati, 2008, Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium dust nucleation in subsaturated vapours, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 384, 165, 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12678.x Lübken, 2009, First continuous temperature measurements within polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 71, 453, 10.1016/j.jastp.2008.06.001 Lübken, 1990, Mean state densities, temperatures and winds during the MAC/SINE and MAC/EPSILON campaigns, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 955, 10.1016/0021-9169(90)90027-K Megner, 2008, Reduced meteoric smoke particle density at the summer pole—implications for mesospheric ice particle nucleation, Adv. Space Res., 41, 41, 10.1016/j.asr.2007.09.006 Meinen, 2012, Optical properties of free sub-10-nm diameter Fe2O3 nanoparticles studied by broad-band cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy BB-CEAS, Appl. Phys. B, 108, 641, 10.1007/s00340-012-5044-3 Murphy, 2005, Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 1539, 10.1256/qj.04.94 Murray, 2010, Homogeneous nucleation of amorphous solid water particles in the upper mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 72, 51, 10.1016/j.jastp.2009.10.007 Petelina, 2009, Temperature of mesospheric ice retrieved from the O–H stretch band, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 804 Pound, 1954, Heterogeneous nucleation of crystals from vapor, J. Chem. Phys., 22, 1215, 10.1063/1.1740336 Pruppacher, 1997 Rapp, 2002, Small-scale temperature variations in the vicinity of NLC, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001241 Rapp, 2004, Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2601, 10.5194/acp-4-2601-2004 Rapp, 2006, Modeling the microphysics of mesospheric ice particles, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 68, 715, 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.015 Röttger, 1988, The structure and dynamics of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 224MHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1353, 10.1029/GL015i012p01353 Saunders, 2010, An aerosol chamber investigation of the heterogeneous ice nucleating potential of refractory nanoparticles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1227, 10.5194/acp-10-1227-2010 Seki, 1983, The heterogeneous condensation of interstellar ice grains, Astrophys. Space Sci., 94, 177, 10.1007/BF00651770 Sigsbee, 1969, Vapor to condensed-phase heterogeneous nucleation, 151 Sugiyama, 1996, Oscillations in polar mesospheric summer echoes and bifurcation of noctilucent cloud formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 653, 10.1029/96GL00383 Thomas, 1991, Mesospheric clouds and the physics of the mesopause region, Rev. Geophys., 29, 553, 10.1029/91RG01604 Toon, 1979, A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. II. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 718, 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0718:AODMDA>2.0.CO;2 Toon, 1988, A multidimensional model for aerosols, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2123, 10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<2123:AMMFAD>2.0.CO;2 Turco, 1979, A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. I. Physical processes and mathematical analogs, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 699, 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<0699:AODMDA>2.0.CO;2 Turco, 1982, Noctilucent clouds, Planet. Sp. Sci., 30, 1147, 10.1016/0032-0633(82)90126-X van de Hulst, 1981 Warren, 2008, Optical constants of ice from the ultraviolet to the microwave, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14,220, 10.1029/2007JD009744 Witt, 1969, The nature of noctilucent clouds, Space Res., 9, 157 Zeidler, 2011, Near-infrared absorption properties of oxygen-rich stardust analogs, Astron. Astrophys., 526, A68, 10.1051/0004-6361/201015219