Bao Y, Kan R (2013) On the moments of ratios of quadratic forms in normal random variables. J Multivar Anal 117:229–245
Bernardinelli L, Clayton D, Pascutto C, Montomoli C, Ghislandi M, Songini M (1995) Bayesian analysis of space-time variation in disease risk. Stat Med 14(21–22):2433–2443
Besag J (1974) Spatial interaction and the statistical analysis of lattice systems. J Roy Stat Soc 36(2):192–236
Carlson B (1963) Lauricella’s hypergeometric function fd. J Math Anal Appl 7(3):452–470
Clayton DG, Bernardinelli L, Montomoli C (1993) Spatial correlation in ecological analysis. Int J Epidemiol 22(6):1193–1202
Cressie N (1993) Statistics for spatial data, Revised. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey
Cressie N, Davis AS, Folks JL, Policello GE (1981) The moment-generating function and negative integer moments. Am Stat 35(3):148–150
Dominici F, McDermott A, Hastie TJ (2004) Improved semiparametric time series models of air pollution and mortality. J Am Stat Assoc 99(468):938–948
Dupont E, Wood SN, Augustin N (2022) Spatial+: a novel approach to spatial confounding. Biometrics 78(4):1279–1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/biom.13656
Gardini A, Greco F, Trivisano C (2022) The mellin transform to manage quadratic forms in normal random variables. J Comput Graph Stat 31(4):1416–1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2022.2034639
Guan Y, Page GL, Reich BJ, Ventrucci M, Yang S (2023) Spectral adjustment for spatial confounding. Biometrika 110(3):699–719. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/asac069
Hanks EM, Schliep EM, Hooten MB, Hoeting JA (2015) Restricted spatial regression in practice: geostatistical models, confounding, and robustness under model misspecification. Environmetrics 26(4):243–254
Hefley TJ, Hooten MB, Hanks EM, Russell RE, Walsh DP (2017) The Bayesian group lasso for confounded spatial data. J Agric Biol Environ Stat 22(1):42–59
Hodges JS, Reich BJ (2010) Adding spatially-correlated errors can mess up the fixed effect you love. Am Stat 64(4):325–334
Hughes J, Haran M (2013) Dimension reduction and alleviation of confounding for spatial generalized linear mixed models. J Royal Stat Soc Ser B 75(1):139–159
Hui FKC, Bondell HD (2022) Spatial confounding in generalized estimating equations. Am Stat 76(3):238–247
Lauricella G (1893) Sulle funzioni ipergeometriche a piu variabili. Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 7:111–158
Magnus JR (1986) The exact moments of a ratio of quadratic forms in normal variables. Annal dÉconomie et de Statistique 4:95–109
Marques I, Kneib T, Klein N (2022) Mitigating spatial confounding by explicitly correlating Gaussian random fields. Environmetrics 33(5):e2727. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.2727
Matérn B (1986) Spatial variation, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Narcisi M (2023) On the effect of confounding in linear regression model: an approach based on the theory of quadratic forms. (Dissertation thesis, University of Bologna)
Nobre WS, Schmidt AM, Pereira JBM (2021) On the effects of spatial confounding in hierarchical models. Int Stat Rev 89(2):302–322
Paciorek CJ (2010) The importance of scale for spatial-confounding bias and precision of spatial regression estimators. Stat Sci 25(1):107–125
Page GL, Liu Y, He Z, Sun D (2017) Estimation and prediction in the presence of spatial confounding for spatial linear models. Scand J Stat 44(3):780–797
Paolella M (2018) Linear models and time-series analysis: regression, anova, arma and garch. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey
Papadogeorgou G, Choirat C, Zigler CM (2018) Adjusting for unmeasured spatial confounding with distance adjusted propensity score matching. Biostatistics 20(2):256–272
Provost S, Mathai A (1992) Quadratic forms in random variables: theory and applications. Marcel Dekker, New York
Reich BJ, Hodges JS, Zadnik V (2006) Effects of residual smoothing on the posterior of the fixed effects in disease-mapping models. Biometrics 62(4):1197–1206
Reich BJ, Yang S, Guan Y, Giffin AB, Miller MJ, Rappold A (2021) A review of spatial causal inference methods for environmental and epidemiological applications. Int Stat Rev 89(3):605–634
Roberts LA (1995) On the existence of moments of ratios of quadratic forms. Economet Theor 11(4):750–774
Rue H, Held L (2005) Gaussian markov random fields: theory and applications. CRC Press, New York
Sawa T (1978) The exact moments of the least squares estimator for the autoregressive model. J Econ 8(2):159–172
Thaden H, Kneib T (2018) Structural equation models for dealing with spatial confounding. Am Stat 72(3):239–252
Xiao-Li M (2005) From unit root to Stein’s estimator to Fisher’s K statistics: if you have a moment, I can tell you more. Stat Sci 20(2):141–162
Yang J (2021) On the extreme eigenvalues of the precision matrix of the nonstationary autoregressive process and its applications to outlier estimation of panel time series. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.02204