On the Electromagnetic Origin of Inertia and Inertial Mass
Tóm tắt
We address the problem of inertial property of matter through analysis of the motion of an extended charged particle. Our approach is based on the continuity equation for momentum (Newton’s second law) taking due account of the vector potential and its convective derivative. We obtain a development in terms of retarded potentials allowing an intuitive physical interpretation of its main terms. The inertial property of matter is then discussed in terms of a kind of induction law related to the extended charged particle’s own vector potential. Moreover, it is obtained a force term that represents a drag force acting on the charged particle when in motion relatively to its own vector potential field lines. The time rate of variation of the particle’s vector potential leads to the acceleration inertia reaction force, equivalent to the Schott term responsible for the source of the radiation field. We also show that the velocity dependent term of the particle’s vector potential is connected with the relativistic increase of mass with velocity and generates a longitudinal stress force that is the source of electric field lines deformation. In the framework of classical electrodynamics, we have shown that the electron mass has possibly a complete electromagnetic origin and the obtained covariant equation solves the “4/3 mass paradox” for a spherical charge distribution.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Jammer, M.: Concept of Mass in Classical and Modern Physics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1961)
Eisenbud, L.: Am. J. Phys. 26, 144 (1958)
Mach, E.: The Science of Mechanics. Open Court, La Salle-Illinois (1989)
Bridgman, P.W.: Am. J. Phys. 29, 32 (1961)
Sciama, D.W.: Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 113, 34 (1953)
Sakharov, A.D.: Sov. Phys. Dokl. 12(11), 1040 (1968)
Puthoff, H.E.: Phys. Rev. A 39, 2333 (1994)
Haisch, B., Rueda, A.: In: Hunter, G., Jeffers, S., Vigier, J.-P. (eds.) Causality and Locality in Modern Physics. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998)
Lorentz, H.-A.: The Theory of Electrons—and Its Applications to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heat. Éditions Jacques Gabay, Paris (1992)
Abraham, M.: Dynamik des Electrons. Nachrichten von der Geselschaft der Wissenschafften zu Göttingen. Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, S. 20
Abraham, M.: Phys. Z. 5, 576 (1904)
Ori, A., Rosenthal, E.: Phys. Rev. D 68, 041701 (2003)
Ori, A., Rosenthal, E.: J. Math. Phys. 45(6), 2347–2364 (2004)
Richardson, O.W.: The Electron Theory of Matter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1916)
Thomson, J.J.: Philos. Mag. 44, 294 (1897)
Thomson, J.J.: Philos. Mag. 11, 229 (1881)
Arzeliés, H.: Rayonnement et Dynamique du Corpuscule Chargée Fortement Accéléré. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1966)
Stokes, G.G.: In: Mathematical and Physical Papers. vol. I, pp. 17–19. Cambridge WareHouse, Cambridge (1880)
In Einstein’s own words: “You know, it would be sufficient to really understand the electron”, quoted by Hans G. Dehmlet in his Nobel Lecture, December 8 (1989)
Prestage, J.D., Bollinger, J.J., Itano, W.M., Wineland, D.J.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 54(22), 2387 (1985)
Dirac, P.A.M.: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 167, 148 (1938)
Griffiths, D.J., Owen, R.E.: Am. J. Phys. 51(12), 1120–1126 (1983)
Frenkel, J.: Phys. Rev. E 54(5), 5859–5862 (1996)
Pearle, P.: In: Teplitz, D. (ed.) Electromagnetism: Paths to Research, pp. 211–295. Plenum, New York (1982)
Heaviside, O.: Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 183A, 423 (1893)
Mead, C.A.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 94, 6013 (1997)
Semon, M.D., Taylor, J.R.: Am. J. Phys. 64(11), 1361 (1996)
Coisson, R.: Am. J. Phys. 41, 585 (1972)
Konopinski, E.J.: Am. J. Phys. 46(5), 499 (1978)
Calkin, M.G.: Am. J. Phys. 47(1), 118 (1979)
Gingras, Y.: Am. J. Phys. 48(1), 84 (1980)
Jackson, J.D., Okun, L.B.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 663 (2001)
Iencinella, D., Matteucci, G.: Eur. J. Phys. 25, 249 (2004)
Fowles, G.R.: Am. J. Phys. 48(9), 779 (1980)
Tonomura, A.: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102(42), 14952 (2005)
Barrett, T.W.: Topological approaches to electromagnetism. In: Evans, M.W. (ed.) Modern Nonliner Optics, Part 3, 2nd edn., pp. 699–734. Wiley, New York (2001)
Landau, X., Lifschitz, X.: Théorie des Champs. Editions Mir, Moscow (1989)
Jackson, J.D., Okun, L.B.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 663 (2001)
Searle, G.F.C.: Philos. Trans. 187A, 675 (1896)
Hertz, H.: Electric Waves—Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space. Dover, New York (1962). English translation of the original German work published in 1892
Rosen, N., Schieber, D.: Am. J. Phys. 50(11), 974–976 (1982)
Pinheiro, M.J.: Phys. Essays 20(2) 1 (2007). [arXix.org:physics/0511103]
Jefimenko, O.D.: Causality Electromagnetic Induction and Gravitation. Electret Scientific Company, Star City (2000)
Boyer, T.H.: Phys. Rev. D 8(6), 1679 (1973)
Boyer, T.H.: Am. J. Phys. 46(4), 383 (1978)
Boyer, T.H.: Am. J. Phys. 47(2), 129 (1979)
Aharonov, Y., Bohm, D.: Phys. Rev. 115, 485 (1959)
Trammel, G.T.: Phys. Rev. 134(5B), B1183–B1184 (1964)
Millonni, P.W.: Am. J. Phys. 52(4), 340 (1984)
Weisskopf, V.F.: Rev. Mod. Phys. 21(2), 305 (1949)
Rohrlich, F.: Am. J. Phys. 28, 639 (1960)
Dirac, P.A.M.: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 268, 57 (1962)
Schott, G.A.: Electromagnetic Radiation. Cambridge U.P., Cambridge (1912)
Hnizdo, V.: Am. J. Phys. 65(1), 55 (1997)
Yaghjian, A.D.: Relativistic Dynamics of a Charged Sphere-Updating the Lorentz-Abraham Model. Springer, Berlin (1992)
Poincaré, H.: La Mécanique Nouvelle. Editions Jacques Gabay, Paris (1989)
Puthoff, H.E.: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 46(12), 3005–3008 (2007)
Becker, R.: In: Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions, vol. I, p. 274. Dover, New York (1964)
Fermi, E.: Nuovo Cimento 25, 159 (1923)
Möller, C.: Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré 11(5), 251 (1949)
Butler, J.W.: Am. J. Phys. 37(12), 1258 (1969)
Wilson, W.: Proc. Phys. Soc. 48, 736 (1936)
Campos, I., Jimenez, J.L.: Am. J. Phys. 57(7), 610 (1989)
Weinberg, S.: In: Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, pp. 86–88. Wiley, New York (1972)
Graham, G.M., Lahoz, D.G.: Nature 285, 154 (1980)
Dirac, P.A.M.: Nature 168, 906 (1951)
Kostro, L.: Einstein and the ether. Apeiron, Montreal (2000)
Rohrlich, F.: Am. J. Phys. 68(12), 1109 (2000)
Harpaz, A., Soker, N.: Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 30(8), 1217 (1998)
Harpaz, A., Soker, N.: Found. Phys. 33(8), 1207 (2003)
Leonhardt, U., Piwnicki, P.: Phys. Rev. A 60, 4301 (1999)