On motion analysis and elastic response of floating offshore wind turbines
Tóm tắt
Wind energy industry is expanded to offshore and deep water sites, primarily due to the stronger and more consistent wind fields. Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) concepts involve new engineering and scientific challenges. A combination of waves, current, and wind loads impact the structures. Often under extreme cases, and sometimes in operational conditions, magnitudes of these loads are comparable with each other. The loads and responses may be large, and simultaneous consideration of the combined environmental loads on the response of the structure is essential. Moreover, FOWTs are often large structures and the load frequencies are comparable to the structural frequencies. This requires a fluid–structure–fluid elastic analysis which adds to the complexity of the problem. Here, we present a critical review of the existing approaches that are used to (i) estimate the hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads on FOWTs, and (ii) to determine the structures’ motion and elastic responses due to the combined loads. Particular attention is given to the coupling of the loads and responses, assumptions made under each of the existing solution approaches, their limitations, and restrictions, where possible, suggestions are provided on areas where further studies are required.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abedi H, Davidson L, Voutsinas S (2017) Enhancement of free vortex filament method for aerodynamic loads on rotor blades. J Solar Energy Eng 139:1–12
Adam F, Myland T, Dahlhaus F, Großmann J, (2014) Gicon®-TLP for wind turbines—the path of development. In: RENEW 2014, CRC Press, November 24–26, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 651–656
Ahn HJ, Shin H (2019) Model test and numerical simulation of OC3 SPAR type floating offshore wind turbine. Int J Naval Archit Ocean Eng 11:1–10
Aidun CK, Clausen JR (2010) Lattice-boltzmann method for complex flows. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 42:439–472
Aoki M, Srinivasamurthy S, Iijima K, Hara N, Ikoma T, Nihei Y (2018) Experimental investigation of negative damping effects for a TLP type offshore wind turbine. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2018 37th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, June 17–22, Madrid, pp 1–8
Aubault A, Cermelli C, Roddier DG (2006) Structural design of a semi-submersible platform with water-entrapment plates based on a time-domain hydrodynamic algorithm coupled with finite-elements. In: Proceedings of the sixteenth international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), May 28–June 2, San Francisco, pp 187–194
Aubault A, Roddier DG (2013) Offshore wind energy. In: Rose L (ed) Energy: modern energy storage, conversion, and transmission in the 21st Century. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, United States, Chapter 6, pp 121–144
Bae YH, Kim M (2014) Coupled dynamic analysis of multiple wind turbines on a large single floater. Ocean Eng 92:175–187
Barooni M, Ale Ali N, Ashuri T (2018) An open-source comprehensive numerical model for dynamic response and loads analysis of floating offshore wind turbines. Energy 154:442–454
Benitz MA, Schmidt DP, Lackner MA, Stewart GM, Jonkman JM, Robertson AN (2014) Comparison of hydrodynamic load predictions between reduced order engineering models and computational fluid dynamics for the OC4-DeepCwind semi-submersible. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2014 33rd international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, June 8–13, San Francisco, pp 1–11
Bento N, Fontes M (2019) Emergence of floating offshore wind energy: technology and industry. Renewa Sustain Energy Rev 99:66–82
Bihs H, Kamath A, Lu JZ, Øivind AA (2017) Simulation of floating bodies using a combined immersed boundary with the level set method in REEF3D. In: VII international conference on computational methods in marine engineering, 13–15 May, Nantes, pp 1–11
Bingham HB, Zhang H (2007) On the accuracy of finite-difference solutions for nonlinear water waves. J Eng Math 58:211–228
Bogner S, Rüde U (2013) Simulation of floating bodies with the lattice Boltzmann method. Comput Math Appl 65:901–913
Borg M, Bredmose H, Hansen AM (2017) Elastic deformations of floaters for offshore wind turbines: Dynamic modelling and sectional load calculations. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2017 36th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, June 25-30, Trondheim, pp 1–10
Bose ST, Park GI (2018) Wall-modeled large-eddy simulation for complex turbulent flows. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 50:535–561
Butterfield S, Musial W, Jonkman J, Sclavounos PD (2005) Engineering challenges for floating offshore wind turbines. In: Offshore Wind Conference, Oct 26–28, Copenhagen, pp 1–13
Campos A, Molins C, Trubat P, Alarcón D (2017) A 3D FEM model for floating wind turbines support structures. Energy Procedia 137:177–185
Carbon Trust (2015) Floating offshore wind: market and technology review. Technical Report, the scottish government, pp 1–168
Cermelli C, Roddier GD, Aubault A (2009) Windfloat: a floating foundation for offshore wind turbines—part II: hydrodynamics analysis. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2009 28th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, May 31–June 5, Honolulu, pp 135–143
Chan GKY, Sclavounos PD, Jonkman J, Hayman G (2015) Computation of nonlinear hydrodynamic loads on floating wind turbines using fluid-impulse theory. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2015 34th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, May 31–June 5, St. John’s, Newfoundland, pp 1–9
Chen Cy, Mills T (2005) A review of in-place design approaches for SPAR hulls. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2005 24th international conference on offshore mechanics and Arctic engineering, ASME, June 12–17, Halkidiki, pp 831–840
Chen Xj Wu, Ys Cui Wc, Jensen JJ (2006) Review of hydroelasticity theories for global response of marine structures. Ocean Eng 33:439–457
Cheng P, Huang Y, Wan D (2019) A numerical model for fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbine. Ocean Eng 173:183–196
Cordle A, Jonkman JM (2011) State of the art in floating wind turbine design tools. Renew Energy 8:367–374
Coulling AJ, Goupee AJ, Robertson AN, Jonkman JM, (2013a) Importance of second-order diffraction forces in the validation of a fast semi-submersible floating wind turbine model. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, June 9–14, Nantes, pp 1–10
Coulling AJ, Goupee AJ, Robertson AN, Jonkman JM, Dagher HJ (2013) Validation of a fast semi-submersible floating wind turbine numerical model with DeepCwind test data. J Renew Sustain Energy 5:1–28
Craddon L, Weywada PL, Atcheston M, (2016) The offshore environment. In: Cruz, J. and Atcheston M (Eds), Floating offshore wind energy, The next generation of wind energy. Springer, Switzerland. chapter 2, pp 21–85
Dai J, Hu W, Yang X, Yang S (2018) Modeling and investigation of load and motion characteristics of offshore floating wind turbines. Ocean Eng 159:187–200
DNV-GL (2014) BLADED-wind turbine design software. Technical Report, DNV-GL
Du Z, Selig M (1998) A 3D stall-delay model for horizontal axis wind turbine performance prediction. In (1998) ASME wind energy symposium, American institute of aeronautics and astronautics, Jan 12–15, Reston, Virigina, pp 427–448
Du Z, Selig M (2000) The effect of rotation on the boundary layer of a wind turbine blade. Renew Energy 20:167–181
Duan F, Hu Z, Niedzwecki JM (2016) Model test investigation of a SPAR floating wind turbine. Marine Struct 49:76–96
Ducrozet G, Bingham HB, Engsig-Karup AP, Ferrant P (2010) High-order finite difference solution for 3D nonlinear wave-structure interaction. J Hydrodyn Ser B 22:225–230
Engsig-Karup AP, Bingham HB, Lindberg O (2008) An efficient flexible-order model for 3D nonlinear water waves. J Comput Phys 228:2100–2118
Ertekin RC, Kim JW (1999) Hydroelastic response of a floating mat-type structure in oblique, shallow-water waves. J Ship Res 43:241–254
Ertekin RC, Riggs HR, Che XL, Du SX (1993) Efficient methods for hydroelastic analysis of very large floating structures. J Ship Res 37:58–76
Ertekin RC, Webster WC, Wehausen JV (1986) Waves caused by a moving disturbance in a shallow channel of finite width. J Fluid Mech 169:275–292
Faltinsen OM (1990) Wave loads on offshore structures. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 22:35–56
Fang Y, Duan L, Han Z, Zhao Y, Yang H (2020) Numerical analysis of aerodynamic performance of a floating offshore wind turbine under pitch motion. Energy 192:1–17
Gao J, Sweetman B (2018) Design optimization of hull size for SPAR-based floating offshore wind turbines. J Ocean Eng Marine Energy 4:217–229
Gingold RA, Monaghan JJ (1977) Smoothed particle hydrodynamics: theory and application to non-spherical stars. Month Not R Astron Soc 181:375–389
Glauert H (1963) Airplane Propellers. Springer, London
Global Wind Energy Council (2018) GWEC global wind 2017 report. A snapshot of top wind markets in 2017: offshore wind. Technical Report
Göçmen T, Laan PVD, Réthoré PE, Diaz AP, Larsen GC, Ott S (2016) Wind turbine wake models developed at the technical university of denmark: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:752–769
Gomez-Gesteira M, Rogers BD, Dalrymple RA, Crespo AJC (2010) State-of-the-art of classical SPH for free-surface flows. J Hydraul Res 48:6–27
Goupee AJ, Koo BJ, Kimball RW, Lambrakos KF, Dagher HJ (2014) Experimental comparison of three floating wind turbine concepts. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng 136:1–9
Green AE, Naghdi PM (1974) On the theory of water waves. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 338:43–55
Green AE, Naghdi PM (1976a) A derivation of equations for wave propagation in water of variable depth. J Fluid Mech 78:237–246
Green AE, Naghdi PM (1976b) Directed fluid sheets. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 347:447–473
Guma G, Bangga G, Jost E, Lutz T, Krämer E (2018) Consistent 3D CFD and BEM simulations of a research turbine considering rotational augmentation. J Phys Conf Ser 1037:1–10
Hall M (2015) MoorDyn user’s guide. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine. Orono, Technical report
Hansen MOL, Sørensen JN, Voutsinas S, Sørensen N, Madsen HA (2006) State of the art in wind turbine aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. Prog Aerosp Sci 42:285–330
Hansen MOL (2007) Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, 2nd edn. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, Sterling, VA
Hayatdavoodi M, Ertekin RC (2015a) Wave forces on a submerged horizontal plate. part I: theory and modelling. J Fluids Struct 54:566–579
Hayatdavoodi M, Ertekin RC (2015b) Wave forces on a submerged horizontal plate. part II: solitary and cnoidal waves. J Fluids Struct 54:580–596
Hayatdavoodi M, Neill DR, Ertekin RC (2018) Diffraction of cnoidal waves by vertical cylinders in shallow water. Theor Comput Fluid Dyn 32:561–591
Hayatdavoodi M, Treichel K, Ertekin RC (2019) Parametric study of nonlinear wave loads on submerged decks in shallow water. J Fluids Struct 86:266–289
Henderson A, Collu M, Masciola MD (2016) Overview of floating offshore wind technology. In: Cruz J, Atcheston, M (eds) Floating offshore wind energy, Springer, Switzerland. chapter 3, pp 87–123
Ishihara T, Phuc PV, Sukegawa H, Shimada K, Ohyama T (2007) A study on the dynamic response of a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine system part 1: a water tank test. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on wind engineering, July 1–6, Cairns, pp 2511–2518
Ishihara T, Zhang S (2019) Prediction of dynamic response of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine using augmented Morison’s equation with frequency dependent hydrodynamic coefficients. Renew Energy 131:1186–1207
Jeon M, Lee S, Lee S (2014) Unsteady aerodynamics of offshore floating wind turbines in platform pitching motion using vortex lattice method. Renew Energy 65:207–212
Jiao J, Ren H, Chen C (2017) Model testing for ship hydroelasticity: a review and future trends. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ (Sci) 22:641–650
Jonkman BJ, Jonkman JM (2016) FAST v.8.16 Manual. Technical Report. National renewable energy laboratory, national wind technology center. Accessed Mar 2018
Jonkman JM (2008) Influence of control on the pitch damping of a floating wind turbine. In: 46th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, Americal institute of aeronautics and astronautics, Jan 7–10, Reno, Nevada, USA, pp 1–15
Jonkman JM, Robertson AN, Hayman GJ (2015) HydroDyn user’s guide and theory manual. Technical Report, national renewable energy laboratory. Accessed Mar 2018
Jonkman JM, Sclavounos PD (2006) Development of fully coupled aeroelastic and hydrodynamic models for offshore wind turbines. In: (2006) ASME wind energy symposium, Jan 13–17. National Harbor, Maryland, USA, pp 1–24
Jonkman JM, Wright AD, Hayman GJ, Robertson AN (2018) Full-system linearization for floating offshore wind turbines in OpenFAST. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2018 1st international offshore wind technical conference, Nov 4–7, San Francisco, USA, pp 1–10
Karimirad M, Michailides C (2015) V-shaped semi-submersible offshore wind turbine: an alternative concept for offshore wind technology. Renew Energy 83:126–143
Karimirad M, Michailides C (2019) Fault condition effects on the dynamic response of v-shaped offshore wind turbine. J Marine Sci Technol (Jpn) 24:34–45
Karimirad M, Moan T (2012) A simplified method for coupled analysis of floating offshore wind turbines. Marine Struct 27:45–63
Keseric NN (2014) Norway’s Solution: hywind-world’s first full scale floating turbine. Technical Report, Equinor
Kim H, Lee S, Lee S (2010) Numerical analysis on the aerodynamics of HAWTs using nonlinear vortex strength correction. Curr Appl Phys 10:311–315
Kleefsman K, Fekken G, Veldman A, Iwanowski B, Buchner B (2005) A volume-of-fluid based simulation method for wave impact problems. J Comput Phys 206:363–393
Koo BJ, Goupee AJ, Kimball RW, Lambrakos KF (2014) Model tests for a floating wind turbine on three different floaters. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng 136:1–11
Kvittem MI, Bachynski EE, Moan T (2012) Effects of hydrodynamic modelling in fully coupled simulations of a semi-submersible wind turbine. Energy Procedia 24:351–362
Lamas-Pardo M, Iglesias G, Carral L (2015) A review of very large floating structures (VLFS) for coastal and offshore uses. Ocean Eng 109:677–690
Lamei A, Hayatdavoodi M, Wong C, Tang B (2019) On motion and hydroelastic analysis of an offshore floating wind turbine. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2018 38th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, June 9–14, Glasgow, UK, ASME, pp 1–10
Le Cunff C, Heurtier Jm, Piriou L, Berhault C, Perdrizet T, Teixeira D, Ferrer G, Gilloteaux JC (2013) Fully coupled floating wind turbine simulator based on nonlinear finite element method: part I–methodology. ASME 2013 32nd, American society of mechanical engineers, June 9–14. Nantes, France, pp 1–10
Leble V, Barakos GN (2016a) A coupled floating offshore wind turbine analysis with high-fidelity methods. Energy Procedia 94:523–530
Leble V, Barakos GN (2016b) Demonstration of a coupled floating offshore wind turbine analysis with high-fidelity methods. J Fluids Struct 62:272–293
Lee H, Lee DJ (2019) Numerical investigation of the aerodynamics and wake structures of horizontal axis wind turbines by using nonlinear vortex lattice method. Renew Energy 132:1121–1133
Lee CH, Newman JN (1987) WAMIT User Manual. Technical Report, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Lee JW, Lee JS, Han JH, Shin HK (2012) Aeroelastic analysis of wind turbine blades based on modified strip theory. J Wind Eng Ind Aerody 110:62–69
Lee KH (2005) Responses of floating wind turbines to wind and wave excitation. Master of Science, Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Leishman JG (2002) Challenges in modelling the unsteady aerodynamics of wind turbines. Wind Energy 5:85–132
Li B, Fleming CA (1997) A three dimensional multigrid model for fully nonlinear water waves. Coast Eng 30:235–258
Li S, Lamei A, Hayatdavoodi M, Wong C (2019) Concept design and analysis of wind-tracing floating offshore wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference, November 3–6, St. Julian’s, Malta, ASME, pp 1–8
Li Y, Paik KJ, Xing T, Carrica PM (2012) Dynamic overset CFD simulations of wind turbine aerodynamics. Renew Energy 37:285–298
Liu MB, Liu GR (2010) Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH): an overview and recent developments. Arch Comput Methods Eng 17:25–76
Liu X, Lu C, Liang S, Godbole A, Chen Y (2017a) Vibration-induced aerodynamic loads on large horizontal axis wind turbine blades. Appl Energy 185:1109–1119
Liu Y, Li S, Yi Q, Chen D (2016) Developments in semi-submersible floating foundations supporting wind turbines: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 60:433–449
Liu Y, Xiao Q, Incecik A, Peyrard C, Wan D (2017b) Establishing a fully coupled CFD analysis tool for floating offshore wind turbines. Renew Energy 112:280–301
Liu Y, Yoshida S, Hu C, Sueyoshi M, Sun L, Gao J, Cong P, He G (2018) A reliable open-source package for performance evaluation of floating renewable energy systems in coastal and offshore regions. Energy Convers Manag 174:516–536
Lu D, Fu S, Zhang X, Guo F, Gao Y (2019) A method to estimate the hydroelastic behaviour of VLFS based on multi-rigid-body dynamics and beam bending. Ships Offshore Struct 14:354–362
Luan C, Gao Z, Moan T (2017) Development and verification of a time-domain approach for determining forces and moments in structural components of floaters with an application to floating wind turbines. Marine Struct 51:87–109
MacPhee D, Beyene A (2013) Fluid-structure interaction of a morphing symmetrical wind turbine blade subjected to variable load. Int J Energy Res 37:69–79
Manwell J, McGowan J, Rogers A (2002) Wind Energy Explained, vol 2. Wiley, Chichester
Marten D, Lennie M, Pechlivanoglou G, Nayeri CN, Paschereit CO (2015) Implementation, optimization and validation of a nonlinear lifting line free vortex wake module within the wind turbine simulation code QBLADE. Proc ASME Turbo Expo 9:1–10
Martin HR, Kimball RW, Viselli AM, Goupee AJ (2014) Methodology for wind/wave basin testing of floating offshore wind turbines. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng 136:1–9
Masciola MD (2016) The MAP\(++\) theory and user manual. Technical Report, NREL. https://nwtc.nrel.gov/MAP. Accessed Dec 2019
Masciola MD, Robertson AN, Jonkman JM (2011) Investigation of a FAST-OrcaFlex coupling module for integrating turbine and mooring dynamics of offshore floating wind turbines. In: International conference on offshore wind energy and ocean energy, Beijing, China, pp 1–10
Matha D, Cruz J, Masciola MD, Bachynski EE, Atcheson M, Groupee Andrew J, Gueydon Sebastien M, Robertson AN (2016) Modelling of floating offshore wind technology. In: Cruz J, Atcheston M (eds) Floating offshore wind energy, the next generation of wind energy, vol 1. Springer, pp 133–240
Matha D, Fischer T, Kuhn M, Jonkman JM (2009) Model development and loads analysis of a wind turbine on a floating offshore tension leg platform. In: European offshore wind conference and exhibition, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 1–6, March 16–19
Matha D, Schlipf M, Cordle A, Pereira R, Jonkman JM (2011) Challenges in simulation of aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and mooring-line dynamics of floating offshore wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the twenty-first international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), June 19–24 , Maui, Hawaii, USA, pp 421–428
Melo DB, Baltazar J, Falcão de Campos JA (2018) A numerical wake alignment method for horizontal axis wind turbines with the lifting line theory. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 174:382–390
Mikkelsen RF (2003) Actuator Disc Methods Applied to Wind Turbines. Phd thesis. Technical University of Denmark
Mittal A, Sreenivas K, Taylor LK, Hereth L, Hilbert CB (2016) Blade-resolved simulations of a model wind turbine: effect of temporal convergence. Wind Energy 19:1761–1783
Mo W, Li D, Wang X, Zhong C (2015) Aeroelastic coupling analysis of the flexible blade of a wind turbine. Energy 89:1001–1009
Moin P, Mahesh K (1998) Direct numerical simulation: a tool in turbulence research. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 30:539–578
Morino L (1993) Boundary integral equations in aerodynamics. Appl Mech Rev 46:455–466
Morison J, Johnson J, Schaaf S (1950) The force exerted by surface waves on piles. J Petrol Tech 2:149–154
Musial W, Butterfield S, Boone A (2004) Feasibility of floating platform systems for wind turbines. In: 23rd ASME Wind Energy Symposium, January 5–8, Reno, pp 476–486
Neill DR, Hayatdavoodi M, Ertekin RC (2018) On solitary wave diffraction by multiple, in-line vertical cylinders. Nonlinear Dyn 91:975–994
Nematbakhsh A, Bachynski EE, Gao Z, Moan T (2015) Comparison of wave load effects on a TLP wind turbine by using computational fluid dynamics and potential flow theory approaches. Appl Ocean Res 53:142–154
Newman JN (1978) Marine Hydrodynamics, 40th edn. The MIT Press, Cambridge, London, England
Nihei Y, Iijima K, Murai M, Ikoma T (2014) A comparative study of motion performance of four different FOWT designs in combined wind and wave loads. In: ASME 2014 33rd international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, June 8–13, San Francisco, USA, pp 1–10
Nihei Y, Matsuura M, Fujioka H, Suzuki H (2011) An approach for the optimum design of TLP type offshore wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, ASME, June 19–24, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 219–227
Oguz E, Clelland D, Day AH, Incecik A, López JA, Sánchez G, Almeria GG (2018) Experimental and numerical analysis of a TLP floating offshore wind turbine. Ocean Eng 147:591–605
Panahi R, Jahanbakhsh E, Seif MS (2006) Development of a vof-fractional step solver for floating body motion simulation. Appl Ocean Res 28:171–181
Pegalajar-Jurado A, Borg M, Bredmose H (2018) An efficient frequency-domain model for quick load analysis of floating offshore wind turbines. Wind Energy Sci 3:693–712
Qiu YX, Wang XD, Kang S, Zhao M, Liang JY (2014) Predictions of unsteady HAWT aerodynamics in yawing and pitching using the free vortex method. Renew Energy 70:93–106
Quallen S, Xing T, Carrica P, Li Y, Xu J (2014) CFD simulation of a floating offshore wind turbine system using a quasi-static crowfoot mooring-line model. J Ocean Wind Energy 1:143–152
Rafiee R, Tahani M, Moradi M (2016) Simulation of aeroelastic behavior in a composite wind turbine blade. J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 151:60–69
Ramachandran GKV (2012) A numerical model for a floating TLP wind turbine. PhD thesis. Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark
Rashidi S, Hayatdavoodi M, Esfahani JA (2016) Vortex shedding suppression and wake control: a review. Ocean Eng 126:57–80
Riggs HR, Niimi KM, Huang LL (2007) Two benchmark problems for three-dimensional, linear hydroelasticity. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng 129:149–157
Riggs HR, Suzuki H, Ertekin RC, Kim JW, Iijima K (2008) Comparison of hydroelastic computer codes based on the ISSC VLFS benchmark. Ocean Eng 35:589–597
Robertson AN, Jonkman JM, Goupee AJ, Coulling AJ, Prowell I, Browning J, Masciola MD, Molta P (2013) Summary of conclusions and recommendations drawn from the DeepCwind scaled floating offshore wind system test campaign. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2013 32nd international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, June 9–14, Nantes, France, pp 1–13
Robertson AN, Wendt F, Jonkman JM, Popko W, Dagher H, Gueydon S, Qvist J, Vittori F, Azcona J, Uzunoglu E, Soares CG, Harries R, Yde A, Galinos C, Hermans K, de Vaal JB, Bozonnet P, Bouy L, Bayati I, Bergua R, Galvan J, Mendikoa I, Sanchez CB, Shin H, Oh S, Molins C, Debruyne Y (2017) OC5 project phase II: validation of global loads of the deepcwind floating semi-submersible wind turbine. Energy Procedia 137:38–57
Rodriguez SN, Jaworski JW (2019) Strongly-coupled aeroelastic free-vortex wake framework for floating offshore wind turbine rotors. part 1: Numerical framework. Renew Energy 141:1127–1145
Salehyar S, Li Y, Zhu Q (2017) Fully-coupled time-domain simulations of the response of a floating wind turbine to non-periodic disturbances. Renew Energy 111:214–226
Sayeed T, Colbourne B, Quinton B, Molyneux D, Peng H, Spencer D (2017) A review of iceberg and bergy bit hydrodynamic interaction with offshore structures. Cold Reg Sci Technol 135:34–50
Sclavounos PD, Lee S, DiPietro J (2010) Floating offshore wind turbines: tension leg platform and taught leg buoy concepts supporting 3-5 MW wind turbines. In: European wind energy conference (EWEC), April 20–23, Warsaw, Poland, pp 1–7
Sebastian T, Lackner M (2010) A comparison of first-order aerodynamic analysis methods for floating wind turbines. In: 48th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting including the new horizons forum and aerospace exposition, American institute of aeronautics and astronautics, Jan 4–7, Reston, Virginia, USA, pp 1–10
Sebastian T, Lackner M (2012a) Analysis of the induction and wake evolution of an offshore floating wind turbine. Energies 5:968–1000
Sebastian T, Lackner M (2012b) Development of a free vortex wakemethod code for offshore floating wind turbines. Renew Energy 46:269–275
Sedaghatizadeh N, Arjomandi M, Kelso R, Cazzolato B, Ghayesh MH (2018) Modelling of wind turbine wake using large eddy simulation. Renew Energy 115:1166–1176
Shadloo MS, Oger G, Le Touzé D (2016) Smoothed particle hydrodynamics method for fluid flows, towards industrial applications: Motivations, current state, and challenges. Comput Fluids 136:11–34
Shao YL, Faltinsen OM (2014) A harmonic polynomial cell (HPC) method for 3D Laplace equation with application in marine hydrodynamics. J Comput Phys 274:312–332
Shim S, Kim M (2008) Rotor-floater-tether coupled dynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth international offshore and polar engineering conference (ISOPE), July 6–11, Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp 455–460
Skaare B, David Hanson T, Nielsen F, Yttervik R, Melchior Hansen A, Thomsen K, Larsen T (2007) Integrated dynamic analysis of floating offshore wind turbines. In: European wind energy conference and exhibition, 7–10 May, Milan, Italy, pp 1–12
Sørensen JN (2011) Aerodynamic aspects of wind energy conversion. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 43:427–448
Sørensen JN, Mikkelsen RF, Henningson DS, Ivanell S, Sarmast S, Andersen SJ (2015) Simulation of wind turbine wakes using the actuator line technique. Philos Trans R Soc 373:1–16
Spalart PR (2009) Detached-eddy simulation. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 41:181–202
Suzuki H, Riggs HR, Fujikubo M, Shugar TA, Seto H, Yasuzawa Y, Bhattacharya B, Hudson DA, Shin H (2007) Very large floating structures. In: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, June 10–15, San Diego, pp 1–12
Sweetman B, Wang L (2014) Momentum cloud method for dynamic simulation of rigid body systems. J Eng Mech 140:257–267
Syed Ahmed Kabir IF, Ng EY (2017) Insight into stall delay and computation of 3D sectional aerofoil characteristics of NREL phase VI wind turbine using inverse BEM and improvement in BEM analysis accounting for stall delay dffect. Energy 120:518–536
Tezduyar TE, Sathe S, Schwaab M, Conklin BS (2008) Arterial fluid mechanics modeling with the stabilized space-time fluid-structure interaction technique. Int J Numer Methods Fluids 21:601–629
Thé J, Yu H (2017) A critical review on the simulations of wind turbine aerodynamics focusing on hybrid RANS-LES methods. Energy 138:257–289
Thiagarajan KP, Dagher HJ (2014) A review of floating platform concepts for offshore wind energy generation. J Offshore Mech Arctic Eng 136:1–6
Tomasicchio GR, D’Alessandro F, Avossa AM, Riefolo L, Musci E, Ricciardelli F, Vicinanza D (2018) Experimental modelling of the dynamic behaviour of a SPAR buoy wind turbine. Renew Energy 127:412–432
Tran T, Kim D, Song J (2014) Computational fluid dynamic analysis of a floating offshore wind turbine experiencing platform pitching motion. Energies 7:5011–5026
Tran TT, Kim DH (2016) Fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic analysis of a semi-submersible FOWT using a dynamic fluid body interaction approach. Renew Energy 92:244–261
Tuhkuri J, Polojärvi A (2018) A review of discrete element simulation of ice-structure interaction. Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 376:1–16
Utsunomiya T, Sato I, Kobayashi O, Shiraishi T, Harada T (2015) Design and installation of a hybrid-SPAR floating wind turbine platform. ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, ASME, May 31-June 5. St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, pp 1–9
Utsunomiya T, Sato T, Matsukuma H, Yago K (2009) Experimental validation for motion of a SPAR-type floating offshore wind turbine using 1/22.5 scale model. In: ASME 2009 28th international conference on ocean, offshore and Arctic engineering, ASME, May 31–June 5, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA pp 951–959
Uzunoglu E, Karmakar D, Guedes Soares C (2016) Floating offshore wind platforms, in: Floating Offshore Wind Platforms, Edts. Castro-Santos, L. and Diaz-Casas, V.. Springer. volume 1, pp. 53–77
VAISALA (2015) VAISALA: global leader in environmental and industrial measurement wind time series and prospecting tools. Technical Report. VAISALA www.vaisala.com. Accessed Mar 2018
Vermeer LJ, Sørensen JN, Crespo A (2003) Wind turbine wake aerodynamics. Prog Aerosp Sci 39:467–510
Viré A, Xiang J, Piggott M, Cotter C, Pain C (2013) Towards the fully-coupled numerical modelling of floating wind turbines. Energy Procedia 35:43–51
Viselli AM, Goupee AJ, Dagher HJ (2014) Model test of a 1:8 scale floating wind turbine offshore in the gulf of maine. Ocean Renew Energy 137:1–9 (Volume 9A)
Vorpahl F, Schwarze H, Fischer T, Seidel M, Jonkman JM (2013) Offshore wind turbine environment, loads, simulation, and design. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Energy Environ 2:548–570
Wang CM, Utsunomiya T, Wee SC, Choo YS (2010) Research on floating wind turbines: a literature survey. IES J Part A Civil Struct Eng 3:267–277
Wang L, Liu X, Kolios A (2016) State of the art in the aeroelasticity of wind turbine blades, aeroelastic modelling. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 64:195–210
Wang D, Riggs HR, Ertekin RC (1991) Three-dimensional hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure. Int J Offsh Pol Eng 1:307–316
Waters L, Spry W (2019) Section 6—UK Renewables April to June 2019. Technical Report June. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, https://www.gov.uk. UK
Wayman EN, Sclavounos PD, Butterfield S, Jonkman JM, Musial W (2006) Coupled dynamic modeling of floating wind turbine systems. In: offshore technology conference, 1–4 May, Houston, Texas, Canada, pp 1–25
Webster WC, Zhao BB (2018) The development of a high-accuracy, broadband, Green-Naghdi model for steep, deep-water ocean waves. J Ocean Eng Marine Energy 4:273–291
Wind Europe (2018) Offshore wind in Europe offshore wind in Europe. Technical Report, wind Europe. Accessed Mar 2018
Withee JE (2004) Fully Coupled Dynamic Analysis of a Floating Wind Turbine System. Ph.D. thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Wong C (2015) Wind tracing rotational semi-submerged raft for multi-turbine wind power generation. In: European wind energy association offshore 2015 conference, Mar 10–12, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp 1–10
World Energy Council (2016) World energy resources. World Energy Council, London
Wu Y, Wang D, Riggs HR, Ertekin RC (1993) Composite singularity distribution method with application to hydroelasticity. Mar Struct 6:143–163
Wu GX, Ma QW, Eatock Taylor R (1998) Numerical simulation of sloshing waves in a 3D tank based on a finite element method. Appl Ocean Res 20:337–355
Wu YT, Port e Agel F (2015) Modeling turbine wakes and power losses within a wind farm using LES: an application to the Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Renew Energy 75:945–955
Xia D, Ertekin RC, Kim JW (2008) Fluid-structure interaction between a two-dimensional mat-type VLFS and solitary waves by the Green-Naghdi theory. J Fluids Struct 24:527–540
Yeh MK, Wang CH (2017) Stress analysis of composite wind turbine blade by finite element method. In: 5th Asia conference on mechanical and materials engineering, June 9–11, Tokyo, Japan, pp 1–4
Yu DO, Kwon OJ (2014) Predicting wind turbine blade loads and aeroelastic response using a coupled CFD-CSD method. Renew Energy 70:184–196
Zhang P, Huang S (2011) Review of aeroelasticity for wind turbine: Current status, research focus and future perspectives. Front Energy 5:419–434
Zhang Y, Deng S, Wang X (2019) RANS and DDES simulations of a horizontal-axis wind turbine under stalled flow condition using OpenFOAM. Energy 167:1155–1163
Zhao BB, Duan WY, Ertekin RC (2014a) Application of higher-level GN theory to some wave transformation problems. Coast Eng 83:177–189
Zhao BB, Ertekin RC, Duan WY, Hayatdavoodi M (2014b) On the steady solitary-wave solution of the Green–Naghdi equations of different levels. Wave Mot 51:1382–1395
Zhao BB, Duan WY, Ertekin RC, Hayatdavoodi M (2015) High-level Green–Naghdi wave models for nonlinear wave transformation in three dimensions. J Ocean Eng Marine Energy 1:121–132
Zhu Q, Wolfgang MJ, Yue DK, Triantafyllou MS (2002) Three-dimensional flow structures and vorticity control in fish-like swimming. J Fluid Mech 468:1–28