Older Black Americans During COVID-19: Race and Age Double Jeopardy

Health Education and Behavior - Tập 47 Số 6 - Trang 855-860 - 2020
Linda M. Chatters1, Harry Owen Taylor2, Robert Joseph Taylor1
1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
2Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

Tóm tắt

The concept of “double jeopardy”—being both older and Black—describes how racism and ageism together shape higher risks for coronavirus exposure, COVID-19 disease, and poor health outcomes for older Black adults. Black people and older adults are the two groups most affected by COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Double jeopardy, as a race- and age-informed analysis, demonstrates how Black race and older age are associated with practices and policies that shape key life circumstances (e.g., racial residential segregation, family and household composition) and resources in ways that embody elevated risk for COVID-19. The concept of double jeopardy underscores long-standing race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities that produce devastating COVID-19 related deaths and injuries for older Black adults. Developing policies and actions that address race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities can lower risks and enhance protective factors to ensure the health of older Black Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

APM Research Lab. (2020). The color of coronavirus: COVID-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the U.S. https://www.apmresearchlab.org/

Armstrong-Brown J., Eng E., Hammond W. P., Zimmer C., Bowling J. M. (2015). Redefining racial residential segregation and its association with physical activity among African Americans 50 years and older: A mixed methods approach. Journal of aging and physical activity, 23(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2013-0069

Aronson L. (2020, March). Ageism is making the pandemic worse. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2020/03/americas-ageism-crisis-is-helping-the-coronavirus/608905/

Bunao S. (2020, April). Husband and wife die four days apart from COVID-19. Charlotte Observer. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/coronavirus/article242261831.html

Cacioppo J. T., Hughes M. E., Waite L. J., Hawkley L. C., Thisted R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 19). COVID-19 in racial and ethnic minority groups. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html

Chatters L. M., Taylor H. O., Nicklett E. J., Taylor R. J. (2018). Correlates of objective social isolation from family and friends among older adults. Healthcare, 6(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6010024

Chatters L. M., Taylor R. J., Woodward A. T., Nicklett E. J. (2015). Social support from Church and family members and depressive symptoms among older African Americans. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(6), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.008

Cornwell E. Y., Waite L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650905000103

Cross C. J. (2018). Extended family households among children in the United States: Differences by race/ethnicity and socio-economic status. Population Studies, 72(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2018.1468476

Gebeloff R., Ivory D., Richtel M., Smith M., Yourish K., Dance S., Fortier J., Elly Yu E., Parker M. (2020, May 21). The striking racial divide in how Covid-19 has hit nursing homes. New York Times. https://nyti.ms/3e45iVv

Gecewicz C. (April 30, 2020). Few Americans say their house of worship is open, but a quarter say their faith has grown amid pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/30/few-americans-say-their-house-of-worship-is-open-but-a-quarter-say-their-religious-faith-has-grown-amid-pandemic/

Ghinai I., Woods S., Ritger K. A., McPherson T. D., Black S. R., Sparrow L., Fricchione M. J., Kerins J. L., Pacilli M., Ruestow P. S. (2020). Community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at two family gatherings—Chicago, Illinois, February–March 2020. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(15), 446–450. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6915e1

Graham J. (2020, June 26). Seniors in low-income housing live in fear of COVID infection. Kaiser Health News. https://khn.org/news/seniors-in-low-income-housing-live-in-fear-of-covid-infection/

Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T. B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psycho-logical Science, 10(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352

Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T. B., Layton J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLOS MED, 7(7), Article e100031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316

Kershaw K. N., Albrecht S. S. (2015). Racial/ethnic residential segregation and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports, 9(3), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-015-0436-7

Kohn N. (2020). The pandemic exposes a painful truth: America doesn’t care about old people. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/

LaVeist T. A. (2003). Racial segregation and longevity among African Americans: An individual-level analysis. Health Services Research, 38(6 Pt. 2), 1719–1734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00199.x

National Urban League, 1964, Double jeopardy: The older negro in America today

Nguyen A. W., Taylor R. J., Taylor H. O., Chatters L. M. (2020). Objective and subjective social isolation and psychiatric disorders among African Americans. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48(1), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00725-z

Pew Research Center. (2019). Internet/broadband fact sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/internet-broadband/

Schulz A. J., Mehdipanah R., Chatters L. M., Reyes A. G., Neblett E. W., Israel B. A. (2020). Moving health education and behavior upstream: Lessons from COVID-19 for addressing structural drivers of health inequities. Health Education & Behavior, 47(4), 519–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120929985

Shippee T. P., Akosionu O., Ng W., Woodhouse M., Duan Y., Thao M. S., Bowblis J. R. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Exacerbating racial/ethnic disparities in long-term services and supports. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4–5), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1772004

Taylor H. O. (2020). Social isolation’s influence on loneliness among older adults. Clinical Social Work Journal, 48(1), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-019-00737-9

Taylor H. O., Herbers S., Talisman S., Morrow-Howell N. (2016). Assessing social isolation: Pilot testing different methods. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 59(3), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2016.1197354

Taylor H. O., Taylor R. J., Nguyen A. W., Chatters L. (2018). Social isolation, depression, and psychological distress among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 30(2), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264316673511

Taylor H. O., Wang Y., Morrow-Howell N. (2018). Loneliness in senior housing communities. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 61(6), 623–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2018.1478352

Taylor R. J., Chatters L. M., Jackson J. S. (2007). Religious and spiritual involvement among older African Americans, Caribbean Blacks, and Non-Hispanic Whites: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 62(4), S238–S250. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.4.S238

Taylor R. J., Chatters L. M., Taylor H. O. (2019). Race and objective social isolation: Older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic Whites. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(8), 1429–1440.https://doi:10.1093/geronb/gby114

Umberson D. (2017). Black deaths matter: Race, relationship loss, and effects on survivors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 58(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146517739317

Walker C. (2020, April 25). Poverty wages in nursing home have accelerated the coronavirus oubreak. Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/25/opinion/poverty-wages-nursing-homes-have-accelerated-coronavirus-outbreak/

10.1007/978-3-319-90197-8_3

Williams D. R., Collins C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116(5), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/116.5.404

Williams D. R., Lawrence J. A., Davis B. A. (2019). Racism and health: Evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Health Education and Behavior

Tập 47 Số 6

855-860

Thông tin tác giả