Offshore pipeline protection against seabed gouging by ice: An overview

Cold Regions Science and Technology - Tập 69 - Trang 3-20 - 2011
Paul Barrette1
1Canadian Hydraulics Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A0R6

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abdalla, 2008, The technical challenges of designing oil and gas pipelines in the Arctic, 1 Al-Khafaji, 1992 Alekseev, 2001 Allersma, 2005, Centrifuge modeling of scouring ice keels in clay, 404 Altaee, 1994, Physical modeling in sand, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31, 420, 10.1139/t94-049 Annandale, 2006 Barker, 2002, Laboratory experiments of ice scour processes: rigid ice indentor, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 35, 195, 10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00057-5 Barker, 2003, Laboratory experiments of ice scour processes: buoyant ice model, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 36, 103, 10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00096-4 Barrette, 2002, Healed cracks in iceberg ice, Journal of Glaciology, 48, 587, 10.3189/172756502781831179 Barrette, 2003, Pressure–temperature effects on the compressive behavior of laboratory-grown and iceberg ice, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 36, 25, 10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00077-0 Barrette, 2008, Ice scouring in a large flume: test set-up and preliminary observations, 1 Barrette, 2009, Sliding resistance of grounded ice on clay in a laboratory: potential implications for offshore design, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 58, 1, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.012 Been, 1990, Ice scour models, 179 Been, 2008, Subscour displacement in clays from physical tests Blasco, 1998, Seabed scouring by sea-ice: scouring process and impact rates: Canadian Beaufort Shelf, 53 Cathie, 2005, Pipeline geotechnics—state-of-the-art, 95 Chari, 1979, Geotechnical aspects of iceberg scours on ocean floors, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 16, 379, 10.1139/t79-036 Chari, 1980, Environmental factors affecting iceberg scour estimates, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1, 223, 10.1016/0165-232X(80)90050-6 Choi, 2003, A comparative study of ice scour–seabed interaction models, 113 Clark, 2000, Comparison of ice strength and scour resistance, 141 Comiso, 2002, A rapidly declining perennial sea ice cover in the Arctic, Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 10.1029/2002GL015650 Croasdale, 2000, Study of iceberg scour & risk in the Grand Banks region Croasdale, 2001, Iceberg risk to seabed installations on the Grand Banks, 1019 Croasdale, 2001, In-situ measurements of the strength of first-year ice ridge keels, 1445 Croasdale, 2005, Investigation of ice limits to ice gouging, 23 Das, 1994 Dean, 2010 Eden, 2002, Case study of a relict iceberg scour exposed at Scarborough Bluffs, Toronto, Ontario: implications for pipeline engineering, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 519, 10.1139/t02-004 Eik, 2010, Iceberg management and impact on design of offshore structures, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 63, 15, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.04.008 Eyles, 1988, Storm-influenced deltas and ice scouring in a late Pleistocene glacial lake, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 793, 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0793:SIDAIS>2.3.CO;2 Foriero, 1998, Steady-state ice scouring of the seabed, 83 Fredj, 2008, A case study of high pressure/high temperature pipeline for ice scour design using 3D continuum modeling, 563 Fuglem, 1999, Design load calculations for iceberg impacts, International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 9, 298 Gautier, 2009, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas in the Arctic, Science, 324, 1175, 10.1126/science.1169467 Grass, 1984, Ice scour and ice ridging studies in Lake Erie, 221 Guo, 2005 Heinonen, 2001, Full-scale testing of ridge keel mechanical properties in Loleif-project, 1435 Héquette, 1995, Sea ice scouring on the inner shelf of the southeastern Canadian Beaufort Sea, Marine Geology, 128, 201, 10.1016/0025-3227(95)00095-G Hodgson, 1988, The dynamics of iceberg grounding and scouring (DIGS) experiment and repetitive mapping of the eastern Canadian continental shelf Howell, 2004, A vessel transit assessment of sea ice variability in the Western Arctic, 1969–2002: implications for ship navigation, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 30, 205, 10.5589/m03-062 Høyland, 2002, Medium scale modelling of ice ridge scouring of the seabed — part II: consolidation and physical properties, 94 Ishikawa, 2005, Soil deformation within the seabed due to ice-scouring, 193 Johnston, 2004, Properties of second-year and multi-year ice during freeze-up Johnston, 2009, Multi-year ice thickness: knowns and unknowns Jones, 2007, A review of the strength of iceberg and other freshwater ice and the effect of temperature, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 47, 256, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2006.10.002 Jordaan, 2005 Kenny, 2004, Probabilistic design methodology to mitigate ice gouge hazards for offshore pipelines Kenny, 2005, PRISE numerical studies on subgouge deformations and pipeline/soil interaction analysis, 43 Kenny, 2007, Design challenges for offshore pipelines in Arctic environments, Exploration and Production Oil & Gas Review, 6 Kharitonov, 2008, Internal structure of ice ridges and stamukhas based on thermal drilling data, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 52, 302, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.04.020 King, 2009, Probabilistic pipeline burial analysis for protection against ice scour, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 59, 58, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.05.013 King, 2011, Protection of pipelines from ice gouging, Journal of Pipeline Engineering, 10, 115 Kioka, 1999, Mechanical model of ice scour, 537 Kioka, 2001, Medium-scale model tests on ice gouge, 1029 Kioka, 2004, Application of the mechanical model for ice scour to a field site and simulation method of scour depths, 891 Konuk, 2004, A 3-dimensional Eulerian finite element model for ice scour Konuk, 2007, Challenges in modelling ice gouge and pipeline response, 760 Konuk, 2007, A pipeline case study for ice scour design, 163 Konuk, 2007, Continuum FE modeling of lateral buckling: study of soil effects, 1 Konuk, 2009, Arctic pipeline design challenges and current practices — ice scour, 155 Kubat, 2006, Climate change impact on northern shipping regulations, 1 Lanan, 2001, Northstar offshore Arctic pipeline design and construction, 621 Lanan, 2008, Oooguruk offshore Arctic flowline design and construction, 1180 Lanan, 2011, Alaskan Beaufort Sea pipeline design, installation and operation Leidersdorf, 2001, Ice gouge and strudel scour data for the Northstar pipelines, 145 Lever, 1986, Iceberg dynamics of the DIGS experiment, 138 Lever, 1991, Iceberg/seabed interaction events observed during the DIGS experiment, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 113, 74, 10.1115/1.2919901 Lever, 2000, Assessment of Millennium Pipeline Project Lake Erie Crossing: Ice Scour, Sediment Sampling, and Turbidity Modeling Liferov, 2002, Medium scale modelling of ice ridge scouring of the seabed — part I: experimental set-up and basic results Liferov, 2004, In-situ ice ridge scour tests: experimental set up and basic results, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 40, 97, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2004.06.003 Liferov, 2007, Ice gouging study — actions and effects, 774 Løset, 2006 Marcellus, 1979, Shore crossing techniques for offshore pipelines in Arctic regions, 201 Matskevitch, 1997, Eccentric impact of an ice feature: linearized model, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25, 159, 10.1016/S0165-232X(96)00009-2 McKenna, 2003, Ice scour risk to offshore pipelines — making the most of available data, 689 Mørk, 2007, The challenges facing Arctic pipelines — design principles for extreme conditions, Offshore, 67 Morrow, 2007, The challenges of pipeline burial, 900 Muir Wood, 2004 Newbury, 2007, Welding engineering for high strain pipelines, 2996 Nichols, 2009 Nixon, 1991, Thaw — subsidence effects on offshore pipelines, Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 5, 28, 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(1991)5:1(28) Nobahar, 2007, Analysis and design of buried pipelines for ice gouging hazard: a probabilistic approach, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 129, 129, 10.1115/1.2426989 Nobahar, 2007, Buried pipelines subject to subgouge deformations, International Journal of Geomechanics, 7, 206, 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2007)7:3(206) Noble, 1982, Damage to an underwater pipeline by ice ridges, 248 Nogueira, 1999, Limit state design for Northstar offshore pipeline, Offshore Magazine, 59, 146 Novak, 2010 Oickle, 2006, Extreme ice-scouring processes on the Canadian Beaufort Shelf caused by sea-ice pressure ridge keels, Atlantic Geology, 42, 104 Palmer, 1979, Design and installation of an offshore flowline for the Canadian Arctic Islands, 765 Palmer, 1997, Pipeline codes or pipeline cookbooks?, Journal of Pipeline Engineering, 6, 69 Palmer, 1997, Geotechnical evidence of ice scour as a guide to pipeline burial depth, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34, 1002, 10.1139/cgj-34-6-1002 Palmer, 2000, Are we ready to construct submarine pipelines in the Arctic?, 737 Palmer, 2000, Gouging in the context of critical issues of Arctic offshore pipeline development, 5 Palmer, 2001, Are we ready to construct submarine pipelines in the Arctic?, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 53, 55, 10.2118/0401-0055-JPT Palmer, 2003, Uplift resistance of buried submarine pipelines: comparison between centrifuge modelling and full-scale tests, Geotechnique, 53, 877, 10.1680/geot.2003.53.10.877 Palmer, 2005, Ice gouging and pipelines: unresolved questions, 11 Palmer, 2008 Palmer, 2009, Reducing the cost of protecting pipelines against ice gouging Paulin, 1991, Preliminary results of physical model tests of ice scour, 1017 Phillips, 1994, Canadian national centrifuge centre with cold regions capabilities, 57 Phillips, 1995, Centrifuge modelling: practical considerations, 34 Phillips, 2005, PRISE studies on gouge forces and subgouge deformations, 75 Poplin, 2002, Ice gouge measurement strategy, International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 12, 34 Randell, 2008, Protection and risk mitigation strategies for subsea infrastructure in ice environments, 658 Randolph, 2001, The complementary roles of physical and computational modelling, International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, 1, 1, 10.1680/ijpmg.2001.1.1.1 Rudkin, 2005, Analysis and results of 30 years of iceberg management, 595 Sayed, 2009, A numerical model of iceberg scour, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 55, 103, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.03.007 Schoonbeek, 2006, Centrifuge modelling of scouring ice keels in clay, 1291 Schoonbeek, 2006, Slip line field solutions as an approach to understand ice subgouge deformation patterns, 628 Scott, 1988, Physical and numerical models, 103 Serré, 2011, Numerical modelling of ice ridge keel action on subsea structures, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.02.011 Shapiro, 1987, Coefficients of friction of sea ice on beach gravel, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 109, 388, 10.1115/1.3257036 Sonnichsen, 2001, Surficial sediments, Grand Bank, Offshore Newfoundland Sonnichsen, 2005, Probabilistic analysis of iceberg scouring frequency based on repetitive seabed mapping, offshore Newfoundland and Labrador, 85 Stava, 2008, Small scale model tests of ice gouge in soft sandy silt, 1 Sumer, 2002, The mechanics of scour in the marine environment, 17 Thomas, 2003 Timco, 1997, An analysis of the shapes of sea ice ridges, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25, 65, 10.1016/S0165-232X(96)00017-1 Timco, 2000, An overview of first-year sea ice ridges Timco, 2010, A review of the engineering properties of sea ice, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 60, 107, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.10.003 Vella, 2008, Explaining the patterns formed by ice floe interactions, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C11011, 10.1029/2008JC004781 Vershinin, 2008 Vikse, 2007, Small scale model tests on subgouge soil deformations, 1 Weeks, 2010 Woodworth-Lynas, 1990, Iceberg scours in the geological record: examples from glacial Lake Agassiz, Geological Society Special Publication, 53, 217, 10.1144/GSL.SP.1990.053.01.12 Woodworth-Lynas, 1991, The physical processes of seabed disturbance during iceberg grounding and scouring, Continental Shelf Research, 11, 939, 10.1016/0278-4343(91)90086-L Woodworth-Lynas, 1996, Subgouge deformations and the security of Arctic marine pipelines, 657 Woodworth-Lynas, 1998, Verification of centrifuge model results against field data: results from the pressure ridge ice scour experiment, 123 Yang, 1996, Centrifuge modeling and numerical simulation of ice scour, Soils and Foundations, 36, 85, 10.3208/sandf.36.85 Younan, 2007, Ice Gouge Reliability of Offshore Arctic Pipelines, 1 Zhou, 2010, An experimental study of seabed responses around a marine pipeline under wave and current conditions, Ocean Engineering Zufelt, 1996, Model ice properties