Offsets in the EPN station position time series resulting from antenna/radome changes: PCC type-dependent model analyses
Tóm tắt
The EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) currently consists of more than 300 evenly distributed continuously operating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) reference stations. As a result of the continuous modernization of GNSS systems, the equipment of reference stations is subject to changes and upgrades. Changes relating to GNSS receiver antenna replacement are considered the main reason for discontinuities noticed in station position time series. It is assumed that resulting offsets are primarily caused by changes in carrier phase multipath effects after antenna replacement. However, the observed position shifts may also indicate the deficiency in the antenna phase center corrections (PCC) models. In this paper, we identified and interpreted the coordinate shifts caused by antenna/radome changes at selected EPN stations. The main objective was to investigate the correlation between the offset occurrence and PCC model type (type mean, individual robot-derived, individual chamber-derived) as well as multipath changes after antenna replacement. For the study, GNSS data from 12 EPN stations covering the years 2017–2019 were analyzed. The results proved that the antenna replacement is critical in the context of station coordinates stability and, in most cases, results in visible shifts in the position component time series. For GPS-only solutions, the most stable results were achieved using robot-derived individual PCC models. On the other hand, in the case of GPS + Galileo processing, the most stable results were obtained using chamber-derived individual PCC models. Furthermore, discontinuities due to the antenna change were noticed in the position time series in 75% of GPS + Galileo solutions. On the other hand, multipath changes arising as the result of antenna replacement were responsible, depending on solution type, for 21–42% of variations in the coordinates.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Altamimi Z, Sillard P, Boucher C (2012) ITRF2000: a new release of the international terrestrial reference frame for earth science applications. J Geophys Res. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000561
Altamimi Z (2018) EUREF Technical note 1: relationship and transformation between the international and the european terrestrial reference systems. http://etrs89.ensg.ign.fr/pub/EUREF-TN-1.pdf.
Bilich A, Mader G (2010) GNSS absolute antenna calibration at the national geodetic survey. In: proceedings ION GNSS 2010, institute of navigation, Portland, Oregon, OR, Sept 21–24: 1369–1377.
Bilich A, Mader G, Geoghegan C (2018) 6-axis robot for absolute antenna calibration at the US national geodetic survey. In: presentation at the IGS workshop 2018, Oct 29–Nov 2, 2018, Wuhan, China.
Böder V, Menge F, Seeber G, Wübbena G, Schmitz M (2001) How to deal with station dependent errors—new developments of the absolute calibration of PCV and phase multipath with a precise robot. Proc of ION GPS 2001 Institute of navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, September 11–14, 2166–2176
Boehm J, Heinkelmann R, Schuh H (2007) Short note: a global model of pressure and temperature for geodetic applications. J Geodesy 81(10):679–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-007-0135-3
Bruyninx C, Habrich H, Söhne W, Kenyeres A, Stangl G, Völksen C (2012) Enhancement of the EUREF permanent network services and products. Geodesy Planet Earth IAG Symp Ser 136(2012):27–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_4
Caizzone S, Schönfeldt M, Elmarissi W, Circiu MS (2021) Antennas as precise sensors for GNSS reference stations and high-performance PNT applications on earth and in space. Sensors 21(12):4192
Dawidowicz K et al (2021) Preliminary results of an Astri/UWM EGNSS receiver antenna calibration facility. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144639
Dilssner F, Seeber G, Wübbena G, Schmitz M (2008) Impact of near-field effects on the GNSS position solution. In: Proceedings of the ION GNSS 2008 institute of navigation, Savannah, Georgia, USA, September 16–19: 612–624
Eckl MC, Snay RA, Soler T, Cline MW, Mader GL (2001) Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration. J Geod 75:633–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001900100204
Elósegui P, Davis JL, Jaldehag RTK, Johansson JM, Niell AE, Shapiro II (1995) Geodesy using global positioning system: the effects of signal scattering on estimates of site position. J Geophys Res 100(B7):9921–9934. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00868
Firuzabadi D, King RW (2012) GPS precision as a function of session duration and reference frame using multi-point software. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-011-0218-8
Görres B, Campbell J, Becker M, Siemes M (2006) Absolute calibration of GPS antennas: laboratory results and comparison with field and robot techniques. GPS Solut 10:136–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/463s10291-005-0015-3
Kallio U, Koivula H, Lahtinen S, Nikkonen V, Poutanen M (2019) Validating and comparing GNSS antenna calibrations. J Geod 93:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-018-1134-2
Kenyeres A, Bruyninx C (2004) EPN coordinate time series monitoring for reference frame maintenance. GPS Solut 8:200–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-004-0104-8
Kröger J, Kersten T, Breva Y, Schön S (2021) Multi-frequency multi-GNSS receiver antenna calibration at IfE: concept - calibration results - validation. Adv Space Res 68:4932–4947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2021.01.474029
Krzan G, Dawidowicz K, Wielgosz P (2020) Antenna phase center correction differences from robot and chamber calibrations: the case study LEIAR25. GPS Solut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-0957-5
Lyard L, Lefevre L, Letellier T, Francis O (2006) Modelling the global ocean tides: insights from FES2004. Ocean Dyn 56(5–6):394–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0086-x
Mader G (1999) GPS antenna calibration at the national geodetic survey. GPS Solut 3:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012780
Menge F, Seeber G, Völksen C, Wübbena G, Schmitz M (1998) Results of absolute field calibration of GPS antenna PCV. Proc ION GPS 98:31–38
Montenbruck O et al (2017) The multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) of the international GNSS service (IGS) - achievements, prospects and challenges. Adv Space Res 59:1671–1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.01.011
Park KD, Nerem RS, Schenewerk MS, Davis JL (2004b) Site specific multipath characteristics of global IGS and CORS GPS sites. J Geod 77:799–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-003-0359-9
Park KD, Elósegui P, Davis JL, Jarlemark POJ, Corey BE, Niell AE, Normandeau JE, Meertens CE, Andreatta VA (2004a) Development of an antenna and multipath calibration system for global positioning system sites. Radio Sci. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003RS002999
Petit G, Luzum B (2010) IERS conventions (2010). Technical report 36, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, p 179. ISBN 3-89888-989-6
Schmitz M, Wuebbena G, Boettcher G (2006) Absolute GNSS antenna calibration with a robot: repeatability of phase variations, calibration of GLONASS and determination of carrier-to-noise pattern. In: IGS workshop 2006 perspectives and visions for 2010 and beyond, May 8–12, 2006, ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany
Schön S, Kersten T (2014) Comparing antenna phase center corrections: challenges, concepts and perspectives. IGS AC workshop 2014 Link. https://www.ife.uni-hannover.de/uploads/ tx_tkpublikationen/IGS2014_schoenKersten.pdf
Springer TA (2009) NAPEOS—mathematical models and algorithms. Technical note, DOPS-SYS-TN-0100-OPS-GN. http://hpiers.obspm.fr/combinaison/documentation/articles/NAPEOS_MathModels_Algorithms.pdf
Torres JA et al (2009) Status of the European reference frame (EUREF), observing our changing earth. IAG Symp Ser 133:47–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85426-5
Vázquez B, Guadalupe E, Grejner-Brzeziska D (2012) A case of study for Pseudorange multipath estimation and analysis: TAMDEF GPS network. Geofis Int 51:63–72
Wanninger L (2009) Correction of apparent position shifts caused by GNSS antenna changes. GPS Solut 13:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-008-0106-z
Wanninger L, Thiemig M, Frevert V (2022) Multi-frequency quadrifilar helix antennas for cm-accurate GNSSpositioning. J Appl Geodesy 16(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2021-0042
Willi D, Lutz S, Brockmann E, Rothacher M (2020) Absolute field calibration for multi-GNSS receiver antennas at ETH Zurich. GPS Solut 24:28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0941-0
Wübbena G, Schmitz M, Warneke A (2019) Geo++ absolute multi frequency GNSS antenna calibration. In: presentation at the EUREF analysis center (AC) workshop, October 16 - 17, 2019, Warsaw, Poland